Outcome data were collected from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry on 373 children from 120 centers with relapsed leukemia (214 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] and 159 with acute myelogenous leukemia [AML]) who underwent second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between 2004 and 2013. Overall survival (OS) was 38% at 2 years and 29% at 5 years, and leukemia-free survival (LFS) was 30% at 2 years and 25% at 5 years. Median follow-up after second HSCT was 36.4 months in the ALL group and 50.2 months in the AML group. In the ALL group, OS was 43% at 2 years and 33% at 5 years, and LFS was 34% at 2 years and 31% at 5 years. In the AML group, OS was 32% at 2 years and 24% at 5 years, and LFS was 24% at 2 years and 17% at 5 years. The 2-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rate was 22% in the ALL group and 18% in the AML group. Favorable prognostic factors (P < .05) for OS and LFS included >12 months between transplantations and chronic graft-versus-host disease after the first HSCT (in both groups), complete response before the second HSCT (ALL group only), and age >12 years (AML group only). Findings were more consistent over time in the ALL group, with no significant differences between 2-year and 5-year rates of relapse, NRM, and LFS. Children with relapsed acute leukemias have a substantial likelihood of long-term survival following second HSCT. Given the many novel targeted and immunomodulation therapies currently under development, it is important to identify specific patient subpopulations that may benefit from a second HSCT compared with those better suited to new approaches.

AustriaStem Cell Transplantation Unit St Anna Children's Hospital Vienna Austria

Department for Children and Adolescents; Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology University Hospital Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Cape of Hope Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland

Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Nino Jesus Children Hospital Madrid Spain

EBMT Paris study office CEREST TC Department of Haematology Saint Antoine Hospital INSERM UMR 938 Paris France

Hematology and Transplantation Department Pavlov 1st Saint Petersburg State Medical University Saint Petersburg Russian Federation

Oncoematologia Pediatrica Azienda Ospedaliera Universita Padova Italy

Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany

Pediatric Hematology Oncology Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy

Pediatric Hematology Oncology University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic

Pediatric Onco Hematology Regina Margherita Children Hospital Torino Italy

Rina Zaizov Hematology Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petach Tikva Israel

Rina Zaizov Hematology Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petach Tikva Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

Low rate of nonrelapse mortality in under-4-year-olds with ALL given chemotherapeutic conditioning for HSCT: a phase 3 FORUM study