Southeast Asia is home to rich human genetic and linguistic diversity, but the details of past population movements in the region are not well known. Here, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 18 Southeast Asian individuals spanning from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age (4100 to 1700 years ago). Early farmers from Man Bac in Vietnam exhibit a mixture of East Asian (southern Chinese agriculturalist) and deeply diverged eastern Eurasian (hunter-gatherer) ancestry characteristic of Austroasiatic speakers, with similar ancestry as far south as Indonesia providing evidence for an expansive initial spread of Austroasiatic languages. By the Bronze Age, in a parallel pattern to Europe, sites in Vietnam and Myanmar show close connections to present-day majority groups, reflecting substantial additional influxes of migrants.

CEA CNRS UMR 3685 NIMBE 91191 Gif sur Yvette France

Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture Industry and Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 75016 Paris France

CIAS Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra 3000 456 Portugal

College of Arts Society and Education James Cook University Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia

Department of Anatomy University of Otago Dunedin 9054 New Zealand

Department of Anthropology Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA

Department of Anthropology University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawai'i 96822 USA

Department of Anthropology University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria

Department of Archaeology Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture Mandalay Myanmar

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava 70103 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand

Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Department of Prehistoric Archaeology Vietnam Institute of Archaeology Hanoi Vietnam

Division of Tropical Health and Medicine College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia

Earth Institute University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Institute for Anthropological Research 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Medical and Population Genetics Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA

Physical Anthropology Section University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

School of Archaeology and Anthropology Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia

School of Archaeology University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland

School of Health Science Sapporo Medical University Sapporo 060 8556 Japan

Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Cagliari e per le Province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna 09124 Cagliari Italy

UMR 7055 Préhistoire et Technologie Université Paris Nanterre 92023 Nanterre France

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Science. 2018 Jul 6;361(6397):31-32. doi: 10.1126/science.aat8662. PubMed

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