China has enacted a number of ambitious pollution control policies to mitigate air pollution in urban areas. Unintended side effects of these policies to other environmental policy arenas and regions have largely been ignored. To bridge this gap, we use a multiregional input-output model in combination with an atmospheric chemical transport model to simulate clean air policy scenarios and evaluate their environmental impacts on primary PM2.5 and secondary precursor emissions, as well as CO2 emissions and water consumption, in the target region and spillover effects to other regions. Our results show that the reduction in primary PM2.5 and secondary precursor emissions in the target regions comes at the cost of increasing emissions especially in neighboring provinces. Similarly, co-benefits of lower CO2 emissions and reduced water consumption in the target region are achieved at the expense of higher impacts elsewhere, through outsourcing production to less developed regions in China.

Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences University of Groningen Groningen 9747 AG Netherlands

Department of Environmental Studies Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Schlossplatz 1 A 2361 Laxenburg Austria

Laboratory for Climate and Ocean Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China

State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

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