BACKGROUND: Nervous tissue is an inherent component of the many specialized genital structures for transferring sperm directly into the female's body. However, the male copulatory organ of spiders was considered a puzzling exception. Based on the recent discovery of nervous tissue in the pedipalps of two distantly related spider species, we investigated representatives of all major groups across the spider tree of life for the presence of palpal nerves. We used a correlative approach that combined histology, micro-computed tomography and electron microscopy. RESULTS: We show that the copulatory organ is innervated in all species investigated. There is a sensory organ at the base of the sperm transferring sclerite in several taxa and nervous tissue occurs close to the glandular tissue of the spermophor, where sperm are stored before transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The innervation of the copulatory organ by the bulb nerve and associated efferent fibers is part of the ground pattern of spiders. Our findings pave the way for unraveling the sensory interaction of genitalia during mating and for the still enigmatic mode of uptake and release of sperm from the male copulatory organ.

Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 61137 Brno Czech Republic

Department of General and Systematic Zoology Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Loitzer Straße 26 17489 Greifswald Germany

German Air Force Center of Aerospace Medicine Straße der Luftwaffe 322 82256 Fürstenfeldbruck Germany

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