The European Union's Natura 2000 (N2000) is among the largest international networks of protected areas. One of its aims is to secure the status of a predetermined set of (targeted) bird and butterfly species. However, nontarget species may also benefit from N2000. We evaluated how the terrestrial component of this network affects the abundance of nontargeted, more common bird and butterfly species based on data from long-term volunteer-based monitoring programs in 9602 sites for birds and 2001 sites for butterflies. In almost half of the 155 bird species assessed, and particularly among woodland specialists, abundance increased (slope estimates ranged from 0.101 [SD 0.042] to 3.51 [SD 1.30]) as the proportion of landscape covered by N2000 sites increased. This positive relationship existed for 27 of the 104 butterfly species (estimates ranged from 0.382 [SD 0.163] to 4.28 [SD 0.768]), although most butterflies were generalists. For most species, when land-cover covariates were accounted for these positive relationships were not evident, meaning land cover may be a determinant of positive effects of the N2000 network. The increase in abundance as N2000 coverage increased correlated with the specialization index for birds, but not for butterflies. Although the N2000 network supports high abundance of a large spectrum of species, the low number of specialist butterflies with a positive association with the N2000 network shows the need to improve the habitat quality of N2000 sites that could harbor open-land butterfly specialists. For a better understanding of the processes involved, we advocate for standardized collection of data at N2000 sites.

Efectos de Natura 2000 sobre las Especies No Focales de Aves y Mariposas con Base en Datos de Ciencia Ciudadana Resumen La red Natura 2000 (N2000) de la Unión Europea está entre las redes internacionales más grandes de áreas protegidas. Uno de sus objetivos es asegurar el estado de un conjunto predeterminado de especies de aves y mariposas (focales). Sin embargo, las especies no focales también pueden beneficiarse con la N2000. Evaluamos cómo el componente terrestre de esta red afecta la abundancia de las especies de aves y mariposas no focales más comunes con base en los datos de programas de monitoreo voluntario a largo plazo en 9,602 sitios para aves y en 2,001 sitios para mariposas. En casi la mitad de las 155 especies de aves evaluadas, particularmente entre aquellas especies especialistas en zonas boscosas, la abundancia incrementó (los estimaciones de la pendiente variaron desde 0.101 [DS 0.042] hasta 3.51 [DS 1.30]) conforme incrementó la proporción del paisaje cubierto por sitios de la N2000. Esta relación positiva existió en 27 de las 104 especies de mariposas (con una variación de estimaciones desde 0.382 [DS 0.163] hasta 4.28 [DS 0.768]), aunque la mayoría de las especies de mariposas fueron generalistas. Cuando se consideraron las covarianzas de cobertura de suelo estas relaciones positivas no fueron evidentes para la mayoría de las especies, lo que significa que la cobertura de suelo puede ser una determinante de los efectos positivos de la red N2000. El incremento en la abundancia conforme aumentó la cobertura de la N2000 estuvo correlacionado con el índice de especialización de las aves, pero no el de las mariposas. Aunque la red N2000 sostiene la abundancia alta de un espectro amplio de especies, el bajo número de mariposas especialistas con una asociación positiva a la red N2000 demuestra la necesidad de mejorar la calidad del hábitat de los sitios N2000 que podrían albergar a mariposas especialistas de campo abierto. Para un mejor entendimiento de los procesos involucrados, promovemos una recolección estandarizada de datos en los sitios de la red N2000.

BirdLife Austria Museumplatz 1 10 8 Wien A 1070 Austria

BTO The Nunnery Thetford Norfolk IP24 2PU U K

Butterfly Conservation Manor Yard East Lulworth Wareham Dorset BH20 5QP U K

Catalan Ornithological Institute Natural History Museum of Barcelona Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4 5 Barcelona Catalonia 08019 Spain

Centre de Synthèse et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversité Immeuble Henri Poincaré Domaine du Petit Arbois Avenue Louis Philibert Aix en Provence 13857 France

CSIC CREAF 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain

Czech Society for Ornithology Na Bělidle 252 34 Prague CZ 150 00 Czech Republic

DDA An den Speichern 6 Münster 48157 Germany

Department Economics and Department Ecosystem Services UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Permoserstr 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany

Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P O Box 9010 Nijmegen 6500 GL The Netherlands

Department of Biology Biodiversity Unit Lund University Ecology Building Lund SE 223 62 Sweden

Department of Community Ecology UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor Lieser Strasse 4 Halle Saale 06120 Germany

Department of Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Environmental Sciences University of Barcelona Catalonia 08028 Spain

Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology Faculty of Science Palacký University in Olomouc 17 listopadu 50 Olomouc 771 43 Czech Republic

DOF BirdLife Denmark Vesterbrogade 140 Copenhagen 5 DK 1620 Denmark

Dutch Butterfly Conservation and Butterfly Conservation Europe P O Box 506 NL 6700 AM Wageningen The Netherlands

European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity 57 rue Cuvier Paris 75005 France

Faculty of Biology University of Latvia Jelgavas iela 1 Riga LV 1004 Latvia

Finnish Environment Institute Biodiversity Centre P O Box 140 Helsinki FI 00251 Finland

Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki P O Box 17 Helsinki FI 00014 Finland

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany

InForest JRU Solsona Catalonia 25280 Spain

Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Latvian Ornithological Society Skolas iela 3 Riga LV 1010 Latvia

Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers Francesc Macià 51 Granollers Catalonia 08402 Spain

Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Wilcza 64 Warszawa 00 679 Poland

NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8EF U K

Polish Society for the Protection of Birds ul Odrowaza 24 Marki 05 270 Poland

School of Biological Sciences Harborne Building Whiteknights Campus University of Reading Berkshire RG6 6AS U K

Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus DK 8000 Denmark

Sociedad Española de Ornitología Melquíades Biencinto 34 ES 28053 Madrid Spain

Sorbonne Université MNHN CNRS UPMC UMR7204 CESCO 43 rue Buffon CP 135 Paris 75005 France

Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology PO Box 6521 Nijmegen 6503 GA The Netherlands

Statistics Netherlands The Hague The Netherlands

UMS 2006 PatriNat AFB CNRS MNHN; CP41 36 rue Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Paris 75005 France

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