OBJECTIVE: In this work we aim to investigate the origins and genetic affinities of Bronze Age populations (2,400-1,100 BC) from the region of southern Poland and to trace maternal kinship patterns present in the burials of those populations by the use of complete mitochondrial genomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed ancient DNA analyses for Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland associated with the Strzyżow culture, the Mierzanowice culture, and the Trzciniec Cultural circle. To obtain complete mitochondrial genomes, we sequenced genomic libraries using Illumina platform. Additionally, hybridization capture was used to enrich some of the samples for mitochondrial DNA. AMS 14 C-dating was conducted for 51 individuals to verify chronological and cultural attribution of the analyzed samples. RESULTS: Complete ancient mitochondrial genomes were generated for 80 of the Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland. The results of the population genetic analyses indicate close maternal genetic affinity between Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, and Corded Ware culture-associated populations. This is in contrast to the genetically more distant Strzyżów people that displayed closer maternal genetic relation to steppe populations associated with the preceding Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture, and with later Scythians. Potential maternal kinship relations were identified in burials of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec populations analyzed in this study. DISCUSSION: Results revealed genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware groups to Bronze Age Mierzanowice and Trzciniec-associated populations, and possible additional genetic contribution from the steppe to the formation of the Strzyżów-associated group at the end of 3rd millennium BC. Mitochondrial patterns indicated several pairs of potentially maternally related individuals mostly in Trzciniec-associated group.

Archaeological Museum in Cracow Kraków Poland

Archaeological Research Laboratory Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Centre for Anthropological Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Bristol Bristol UK

Department of Biology and Environmental Studies Charles University Faculty of Education Praha 1 Czech Republic

Department of History and Cultural Heritage University of Pope Jan Paweł 2 Kraków Poland

Department of Material and Spiritual Culture Lublin Museum Lublin Poland

Faculty of Archaeology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Poland

Human Evolution Department of Organismal Biology and SciLifeLab Uppsala University UPpSala Sweden

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science Kraków Poland

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences Poznań Poland

Institute of Archaeology Maria Curie Skłodowska University Lublin Poland

Institute of Human Biology and Evolution Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Poland

Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Poznań Poland

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