Streptomyces are of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry as they produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that act as antibacterial and antifungal agents. They may thrive on their own in the soil, or associate with other organisms, such as plants or invertebrates. Some soil-derived strains exhibit hemolytic properties when cultivated on blood agar, raising the question of whether hemolysis could be a virulence factor of the bacteria. In this work we examined hemolytic compound production in 23 β-hemolytic Streptomyces isolates; of these 12 were soil-derived, 10 were arthropod-associated, and 1 was plant-associated. An additional human-associated S. sp. TR1341 served as a control. Mass spectrometry analysis suggested synthesis of polyene molecules responsible for the hemolysis: candicidins, filipins, strevertene A, tetrafungin, and tetrin A, as well as four novel polyene compounds (denoted here as polyene A, B, C, and D) in individual liquid cultures or paired co-cultures. The non-polyene antifungal compounds actiphenol and surugamide A were also identified. The findings indicate that the ability of Streptomyces to produce cytolytic compounds (here manifested by hemolysis on blood agar) is an intrinsic feature of the bacteria in the soil environment and could even serve as a virulence factor when colonizing available host organisms. Additionally, a literature review of polyenes and non-polyene hemolytic metabolites produced by Streptomyces is presented.

Contipro a s Dolní Dobrouč 401 561 02 Dolní Dobrouč Czech Republic

Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences ELTE Eötvös Loránd University 1117 Budapest Hungary

Faculty of Science Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem České mládeže 8 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Studničkova 7 128 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Na Sádkách 7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

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