Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla, Biatora marmorea, Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola, Corticifraga nephromatis, Fuscidea muskeg, Fuscopannaria dillmaniae, Halecania athallina, Hydropunctaria alaskana, Lambiella aliphatica, Lecania hydrophobica, Lecanora viridipruinosa, Lecidea griseomarginata, L. streveleri, Miriquidica gyrizans, Niesslia peltigerae, Ochrolechia cooperi, Placynthium glaciale, Porpidia seakensis, Rhizocarpon haidense, Sagiolechia phaeospora, Sclerococcum fissurinae, Spilonema maritimum, Thelocarpon immersum, Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis. An additional 71 'known unknown' species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales, Ostropales, Lecanorales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.

Botany Department State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Rosenstein 1 70191 Stuttgart Germany

Department of Biological Sciences CW405 University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2R3 Canada

Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 CZ 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen Allégt 41 P O Box 7800 N 5020 Bergen Norway

Department of Plant Sciences Institute of Biology University of Graz NAWI Graz Holteigasse 6 8010 Graz Austria

Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana 59812 USA

Faculty of Biology Department 1 Systematic Botany and Mycology University of Munich Menzinger Straße 67 80638 München Germany

Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture Nord University Box 2501 NO 7729 Steinkjer Norway

Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve P O Box 140 Gustavus Alaska 99826 USA

Herbarium Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA

Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 1 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic

Museum of Evolution Uppsala University Norbyvägen 16 SE 75236 Uppsala Sweden

Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK

NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO 7491 Trondheim Norway

Real Jardín Botánico Departamento de Micología Calle Claudio Moyano 1 E 28014 Madrid Spain

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