Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000 BC. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000 BC, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium BC, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth century BC, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteenth centuries BC. Broomcorn millet succeeds in exceptionally wide range of growing conditions and completes its lifecycle in less than three summer months. Offering an additional harvest and thus surplus food/fodder, it likely was a transformative innovation in European prehistoric agriculture previously based mainly on (winter) cropping of wheat and barley. We provide a new, high-resolution chronological framework for this key agricultural development that likely contributed to far-reaching changes in lifestyle in late 2nd millennium BC Europe.

Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Geschwister Scholl Straße 2 55131 Mainz Germany

Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig Holstein Brockdorff Rantzau Straße 70 24837 Schleswig Germany

Austrian Archaeological Institute Franz Klein Gasse 1 1190 Vienna Austria

Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum Ortsteil Wünsdorf Wünsdorfer Platz 4 5 15806 Zossen Germany

Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology Schleswig Holstein State Museums Foundation Schloss Gottorf 24837 Schleswig Germany

Centre for Theoretical Study Charles University Prague and Czech Academy of Sciences Jilská 1 110 00 Prague 1 Czech Republic

Department für Integrative Biologie Universität für Bodenkultur Gregor Mendel Straße 33 1180 Vienna Austria

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Bristol 43 Woodland Road Bristol BS8 1UU UK

Department of Molecular Botany Institute of Biology University of Hohenheim Garbenstraße 30 70599 Stuttgart Germany

Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Szent István University Páter Károly utca 1 Gödöllő 2103 Hungary

Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Via Giuseppe Campi 287 41125 Modena Italy

Dipartimento di Studi sull'Asia e sull'Africa Mediterranea Università Ca' Foscari Dorsoduro 3462 30123 Venezia Italy

Effenberger Archäobotanik 21423 Drage Germany

Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918 Alba Iulia Strada Unirii 15 17 510009 Alba Iulia Romania

Faculty of Archaeology Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7 61 614 Poznań Poland

Independent Researcher Projensdorfer Str 195 24106 Kiel Germany

Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives Direction régionale Grand Est 12 rue de Méric CS 80005 57063 Metz cedex 2 France

Institute for Pre and Protohistory University of Köln Weyertal 125 50923 Köln Germany

Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology Kiel University Johanna Mestorf Str 2 6 24118 Kiel Germany

Institute of Archaeological Sciences Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Norbert Wollheim Platz 1 60629 Frankfurt am Main Germany

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences Rubież 46 61 612 Poznań Poland

Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University Ul Gołębia 11 31 007 Kraków Poland

Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Letenská 4 118 01 Praha 1 Czech Republic

Integrative Prähistorische und Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie IPNA Basel University Spalenring 145 4055 Basel Switzerland

Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology CNR IGAG Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milan Italy

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege am Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Fischersteig 9 78343 Gaienhofen Hemmenhofen Germany

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen Anhalt Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Richard Wagner Str 9 06114 Halle Germany

Leibniz Laboratory for AMS Dating and Stable Isotope Research Kiel University Max Eyth Str 11 13 24118 Kiel Germany

Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research Viktoriastraße 26 28 26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany

Museum of Vojvodina Dunavska 35 37 21101 Novi Sad Serbia

National Museum of Natural Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine Bul Bohdan Khmelnitsky 15 Kyiv 01030 Ukraine

Oxford Martin School University of Oxford 34 Broad Street Oxford OX1 3BD UK

UMR 6298 ArTeHiS Dijon Dijon France

Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46 31 512 Kraków Poland

ZRC SAZU Institute of Archaeology Novi trg 2 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

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