• This record comes from PubMed

Compliance with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Slovakia and in Finland: Two Different Worlds

. 2020 Sep 13 ; 17 (18) : . [epub] 20200913

Language English Country Switzerland Media electronic

Document type Journal Article

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) developed by the State Parties to the World Health Organization was ratified in Slovakia in 2004 and in Finland in 2005. The aim of this study was to explore and compare compliance with the FCTC in Finland and Slovakia. This is a two-country comparative study of tobacco control policy based on implementation of the FCTC in Slovakia and Finland. Compliance with the FCTC was measured similarly in Slovakia and Finland in terms of their institutional structure supporting a smoking free environment and implementation of selected articles of the FCTC. In Finland the responsibilities for anti-tobacco policy are clearly assigned. Slovakia does not have specifically responsible institutions. Finland has a clear plan for achieving the goal of a smoking-free country based on empirical evidence. Slovakia meets only the minimum standard resulting from its commitment as ratified in the FCTC and data are out of date or missing completely.

See more in PubMed

What Is the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control? [(accessed on 20 November 2018)]; Available online: https://www.fctc.org/what-is-the-fctc/

World Health Organization WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 20 November 2018)]; Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42811/1/9241591013.pdf?ua=1.

Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 20 November 2018)];2017 Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/en/

Implementation Should be Focus of 2018–2019 Budget and Workplan. [(accessed on 20 November 2018)]; Available online: https://www.fctc.org/publications/meeting-resources/cop7-bulletins/1487-implementation-should-be-focus-of-2018-2019-budget-and-workplan.

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: An Overview, 2015, Revised 2018. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/WHO_FCTC_summary.pdf.

Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 22 November 2018)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/sessions/cop8/FCTC_COP_8_1_Provisional_agenda_annotated.pdf.

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 23 November 2018)]; Available online: http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__9D9KCY.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO9EBF2Q#.

WHO FCTC COP8 Concludes with New Strategy to Accelerate Tobacco Control Efforts and Stronger Transparency Measures to Counter Tobacco Industry Interference. [(accessed on 30 November 2018)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/mediacentre/news/2018/cop8-closing-press-release/en.

Josseens L. WHO FCTC COP8 Concludes with New Strategy to Accelerate Tobacco Control Efforts. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: https://www.europeancancerleagues.org/wp-content/uploads/article-tobacco-final.pdf.

COP8: An Opportunity to Accelerate WHO FCTC Implementation. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: https://www.fctc.org/cop8-an-opportunity-to-accelerate-who-fctc-implementation/

Measures to Strengthen the Implementation of the Convention through Coordination and Cooperation. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/sessions/cop8/FCTC_COP_8_11_EN.pdf.

Parties Strengthen WHO FCTC at COP8 by Adopting Global Strategy. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: https://www.fctc.org/cop8/

Puska P., Daube M. Impact assessment of WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Introduction, general findings and discussion. Tob. Control. 2018;28:1–3. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054429. PubMed DOI PMC

Progress Report on Implementation Assistance and International Cooperation. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/sessions/cop8/FCTC_COP_8_12-en.pdf.

Black A., Feijo R.S. Opinion: How Tobacco Control Can Boost Sustainable Development. [(accessed on 30 November 2018)]; Available online: https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-how-tobacco-control-can-boost-sustainable-development-93022.

FCTC 2030. [(accessed on 30 November 2018)];2018 Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/fctc2030/en/

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control an Accelerator for Sustainable Development. [(accessed on 30 November 2018)]; Available online: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/-the-who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control-an-accelerator-.html.

United Nations Treaty Collection. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)];2018 Available online: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IX-4&chapter=9&clang=_en.

2018 Global Progress Report on Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2018. [(accessed on 30 November 2018)]. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available online: http://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/WHO-FCTC-2018_global_progress_report.pdf.

Kozubik M. Traditional Romany Culture—Myth or Reality? Reflection of Samuel Augustini ab Hortis Work “Zigeuner in Ungarn” in the Context of Helping Professions. Krakowska Akademia; Krakow, Poland: 2015.

2018—Core Questionnaire of the Reporting Instrument of WHO FCTC-Slovakia. [(accessed on 8 June 2020)]; Available online: https://untobaccocontrol.org/impldb/wp-content/uploads/Slovakia_2018_report_new.pdf.

OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies . Slovak Republic: Country Health Profile 2017. OECD Publishing; Paris, France: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; Brussels, Belgium: 2017. State of Health in the EU. DOI

2018—Core Questionnaire of the Reporting Instrument of WHO FCTC-Finland. [(accessed on 1 December 2018)]; Available online: https://untobaccocontrol.org/impldb/wp-content/uploads/Finland_2018_report.pdf.

Howse R., Teitel R. Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Really Matters. Glob. Policy. 2010;1:127–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00035.x. DOI

Rafii F., Fatemi N.S., Danielson E., Johansson C.M., Modanloo M. Compliance to treatment in patients with chronic illness: A concept exploration. Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 2014;19:159–167. PubMed PMC

Evangelista L.S. Compliance: A concept analysis. Nurs. Forum. 1999;34:5–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.1999.tb00230.x. PubMed DOI

Ingram T.L. Compliance: A concept analysis. Nurs Forum. 2009;44:189–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2009.00142.x. PubMed DOI

Playle J.F. Concepts of compliance: Understandings and approaches. Br. J. Fam. Plan. 2000;26:213–219. doi: 10.1783/147118900101194823. PubMed DOI

What Is Compliance? [(accessed on 2 December 2018)]; Available online: https://www.int-comp.org/careers/a-career-in-compliance/what-is-compliance/

Kingsbury B. The concept of compliance as a function of competing conceptions of international law. Mich. J. Int. Law. 1998;19:345.

Guzman A.T. A Compliance-Based Theory of International Law. Calif. Law Rev. 2002;90:1823. doi: 10.2307/3481436. DOI

Von Stein J. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. International Studies Association and Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: 2010. International Law: Understanding Compliance and Enforcement. DOI

Obitre-Gama J. The Application of International Law into National Law, Policy and Practice; Proceedings of the WHO International Conference on Global Tobacco Control Law: Towards a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; New Delhi, India. 7–9 January 2000; [(accessed on 9 August 2020)]. Available online: https://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/JUDY2000X.pdf.

Report on the Implementation of the National Action Plan for Tobacco Control for the Period 2012–2014. [(accessed on 10 January 2019)]; Available online: www.rokovania.sk/File.aspx/Index/Mater-Dokum-182559.

Sales. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.valvira.fi/web/en/tobacco/-myynti.

Product Control. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.valvira.fi/web/en/tobacco/-tupakan-tuotevalvonta-

Lencioni I. ((Valvira—National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland)). Personal communication. Feb 8, 2019.

Timberlake D.S., Laitinen U., Kinnunen J.M., Rimpela A.H. Strategies and barriers to achieving the goal of Finland’s tobacco endgame. Tob. Control. 2020;29:398–404. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054779. PubMed DOI PMC

Finland—The Tobacco Atlas. [(accessed on 25 October 2019)];2019 Available online: https://tobaccoatlas.org/country/finland/

How Did Control of the Ban on Cigarettes Sell? [(accessed on 26 January 2019)]; Available online: https://www.pravnenoviny.sk/informacia-o-vysledkoch-kontroly-zakazu-predaja-tabakovych-vyrobkov-osobam-mladsim-ako-18-rokov.

Finland Bans Tobacco Display in Europe’s Toughest Tobacco Control Law. [(accessed on 15 February 2019)]; Available online: http://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/finland-bans-tobacco-display-in-europes-toughest-tobacco-control-law/

Rimpelä A.H., Rainio S.U. The effectiveness of tobacco sales ban to minors: The case of Finland. Tob. Control. 2004;13:167–174. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.003087. PubMed DOI PMC

Slovakia Lost 12 Cases at ECHR in Strasbourg. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20785241/slovakia-lost-12-cases-at-echr-in-strasbourg.html.

Last Year Slovakia Lost 12 Disputes to the European Court of Human Rights. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/vlada-slovensko-vlani-prehralo-12-sporov/318845-clanok.html.

Annual Report 2011—Statistics concerning the Judicial Activity of the Court of Justice. [(accessed on 25 February 2019)]; Available online: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-06/ra2011_statistiques_cour_en.pdf.

Annual Report 2016—Judicial Activity. [(accessed on 25 February 2019)]; Available online: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-03/ra_jur_2016_en_web.pdf.

2017 Annual Report—Judicial Activity. [(accessed on 25 February 2019)]; Available online: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-04/_ra_2017_en.pdf.

Constitutional Judges Make Mistakes, Slovakia Pays for Them (Interview) [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/660445/ustavni-sudcovia-chybia-slovensko-za-ne-plati-rozhovor/

Body and Soul: Forced Sterilization and Other Assaults on Roma Reproductive Freedom. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.reproductiverights.org/document/body-and-soul-forced-sterilization-and-other-assaults-on-roma-reproductive-freedom.

European Court of Human Rights Finds Slovakia Violated Romani Women’s Rights in Another Involuntary Sterilization Case. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.reproductiverights.org/press-room/european-court-of-human-rights-finds-slovakia-violated-romani-womens-rights.

With Slovakia They Lost Patience, the European Commission Again Sues Us. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: http://www.tvnoviny.sk/domace/1831181_so-slovenskom-stratili-trpezlivost-europska-komisia-nas-opat-zaluje?__tuu7ntqxozayndugcxfzydhlntyyxndhzhe=asjjpnc.

The European Commission Sues Slovakia: We Are Facing a Fine of almost One Million Euros. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.topky.sk/cl/10/1555043/Europska-komisia-zaluje-Slovensko--Hrozi-nam-pokuta-takmer-milion-eur.

Slovakia Received a Fine of One Million, the European Union Gave It to Us for a Landfill. [(accessed on 15 February 2019)]; Available online: https://finweb.hnonline.sk/ekonomika/1773699-slovensko-dostalo-milionovu-pokutu-europska-unia-nam-ju-udelila-za-skladku-odpadu.

The European Commission Is Suing Slovakia for Christmas Contributions. [(accessed on 15 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.webnoviny.sk/europska-komisia-zaluje-slovensko-pre-vianocne-prispevky/

European Commission Sues Slovakia for Visa, Applicants can not Appeal in Court. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://domov.sme.sk/c/20828417/eurokomisia-zaluje-slovensko-pre-viza-ziadatelia-sa-nemozu-odvolat-na-sude.html.

The European Commission Sues Slovakia! And That’s the Reason. [(accessed on 8 February 2019)]; Available online: https://www.parlamentnelisty.sk/arena/monitor/Europska-komisia-zaluje-Slovensko-A-toto-je-dovod-300706.

Compliance with EU Law and Overview of the Functioning of the Single Market. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: http://www.europedirecttrencin.sk/clanky.php?id=1156.

The European Commission Is Suing Slovakia for the Broadband Directive. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: https://europskenoviny.sk/2017/07/14/europska-komisia-zaluje-slovensko-za-smernicu-o-sirokopasmovom-pripojeni/

Rule 39 Requests Granted and Refused in 2016, 2017 and 2018 by Respondent State. [(accessed on 20 September 2019)]; Available online: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Stats_art_39_01_ENG.pdf.

Committee of Ministers Country factsheet—Finland. [(accessed on 25 October 2019)]; Available online: https://rm.coe.int/1680709748.

The ECHR The ECHR and Finland—Facts and Figures. [(accessed on 15 October 2019)]; Available online: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Facts_Figures_Finland_ENG.pdf.

Morrow J. When Do States Follow the Laws of War? Am. Political Sci. Rev. 2007;101:559–572. doi: 10.1017/S000305540707027X. DOI

Craig L., Fong G.T., Chung-Hall J., Puska P. Impact of the WHO FCTC on tobacco control: Perspectives from stakeholders in 12 countries. Tob. Control. 2019;28:129–135. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054940. PubMed DOI PMC

Global Strategy to Accelerate Tobacco Control: Advancing Sustainable Development through the Implementation of the WHO FCTC 2019–2025. [(accessed on 9 August 2020)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/global-strategy-to-accelerate-tobacco-control/en/

Puska P. WHO FCTC as a Pioneering and Learning Instrument Comment on “The Legal Strength of International Health Instruments—What It Brings to Global Health Governance?”. Int. J. Health Policy. 2018:75–77. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.63. PubMed DOI PMC

Overview of Key FCTC Articles and Their Implementing Guidelines. [(accessed on 10 August 2020)]; Available online: https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/global/pdfs/en/Overview_FCTC_Guidelines.pdf.

Wipfli H. The FCTC Turns 10: Lessons from the Fist Decade. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2016;26:279–283. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20160080. PubMed DOI PMC

Case Study: Learning from the Finnish Experience in Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 10 August 2020)]; Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/news/news/2018/5/case-study-learning-from-the-finnish-experience-in-tobacco-control.

A Step towards Measuring the Progress in Global Tobacco Control. [(accessed on 10 August 2020)]; Available online: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/a-step-towards-measuring-the-progress-in-global-tobacco-control.

Gruszczynski L., Melillo M. The FCTC and its Role in WTO Law: Some Remarks on the WTO Plain Packaging Report. Eur. J. Risk Regul. 2018;9:564–574. doi: 10.1017/err.2018.44. DOI

Gruszczynski L. The WHO FCTC as an international standard under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. In: Mitchell A., Voon T., editors. The Global Tobacco Epidemic and the Law. Edward Elgar Publishing; Cheltenham, UK: 2014.

Mugwagwa J., Edwards D., de Haan S. Assessing the implementation and influence of policies that support research and innovation systems for health: The cases of Mozambique, Senegal, and Tanzania. Health Res. Policy Syst. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12961-015-0010-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Esa D.H. Key Elements for Successful Policy Formulation and Implementation—Formal Institutions and Policy Making Processes. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPSUMEASPR/Resources/2576847-1164201689772/3187109-1164836056878/P3B_Halipah_Esa_Key_Elements_for_Successful_Policy.pdf.

Bondeson U. Nordic Moral Climates: Value Continuities and Discontiunities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Routledge; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2017.

Franck T. How Nations Behave. Law and Foreign Policy. Am. J. Int. Law. 1979;74:457–458. doi: 10.2307/2201520. DOI

Trobbiani R. Why Do States Mostly Obey International Law? [(accessed on 2 December 2018)]; Available online: https://www.e-ir.info/2014/02/04/why-do-states-mostly-obey-international-law/#_ftn5.

Kosař D., Petrov J. Determinants of Compliance Difficulties among ‘Good Compliers’: Implementation of International Human Rights Rulings in the Czech Republic. Eur. J. Int. Law. 2018;29:397–425. doi: 10.1093/ejil/chy028. DOI

Cerna L. The Nature of Policy Change and Implementation: A Review of Different Theoretical Approaches. [(accessed on 16 February 2019)]; Available online: http://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/The%20Nature%20of%20Policy%20Change%20and%20Implementation.pdf.

Lutmar C., Carneiro C.L., Mitchell S.M. Formal Commitments and States’ Interests: Compliance in International Relations. Int. Interact. 2016;42:559–564. doi: 10.1080/03050629.2016.1187144. DOI

Fariss C. The Changing Standard of Accountability and the Positive Relationship between Human Rights Treaty Ratification and Compliance. Br. J. Political Sci. 2018;48:239–271. doi: 10.1017/S000712341500054X. DOI

Development of Tobacco and Nicotine Policy Proposals for Action by the Working Group. [(accessed on 14 February 2019)]; Available online: https://api.hankeikkuna.fi/asiakirjat/9ef869be-352c-401f-bec7-9e06b1fce1f5/a465afbb-b565-4af4-9250-ce3a78d4ac07/MIETINTO_20181212104654.pdf.

Iacobelli M., Welding K., Smith K., Cohen J. Compliance with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: A 9-country study. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2018;16:431. doi: 10.18332/tid/84212. DOI

Elbek O., Evrengil E., Yıldız F., Ceyhan M., Gezer T., Güner M., Dagli E. Assessment of Compliance to Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Turkey. Eur Respir. J. 2017;50:PA2674. doi: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017. DOI

Students of the Secondary School in Sečovce Have Their Own Smoking Area. [(accessed on 15 February 2019)]; Available online: https://refresher.sk/62647-Ziaci-strednej-skoly-v-Secovciach-maju-v-areali-vlastny-fajciarsky-kutik?gdpr-accept=1.

Bayram A. Due Deference: Cosmopolitan Social Identity and the Psychology of Legal Obligation in International Politics. Int. Organ. 2017;71:S137–S163. doi: 10.1017/S0020818316000485. DOI

Landon J., Lobstein T., Godfrey F., Johns P., Brookes C., Jernigan D. International codes and agreements to restrict the promotion of harmful products can hold lessons for the control of alcohol marketing. Addiction. 2017;112:102–108. doi: 10.1111/add.13545. PubMed DOI

Colares J.F. The limits of WTO adjudication: Is compliance the problem? J. Int. Econ. Law. 2011;14:403–436. doi: 10.1093/jiel/jgr014. DOI

Bachrach P., Baratz M.S. Two faces of power. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 1962;56:947–952. doi: 10.2307/1952796. DOI

Cobb R., Ross J.K., Ross M.H. Agenda building a comparative political process. Am. Political Rev. 1976;70:126–138. doi: 10.1017/S0003055400264034. DOI

Gravely S., Giovino G.A., Craig L., Commar A., D’Espaignet E.T., Schotte K., Fong G.T. Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries: An association study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:166–174. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30045-2. PubMed DOI

Haustein K.O. Smoking and poverty. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2006;13:312–318. doi: 10.1097/00149831-200606000-00004. PubMed DOI

Tobacco Increases the Poverty of Individuals and Families. [(accessed on 1 September 2020)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2004/tobaccofacts_families/en/

De Beyer J., Lovelace C., Yürekli A. Poverty and tobacco. Tob Control. 2001;10:210–211. doi: 10.1136/tc.10.3.210. PubMed DOI PMC

OECD Economic Surveys—Slovak Republic. [(accessed on 1 September 2020)];2019 Feb; Available online: https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/Slovak-Republic-2019-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf.

OECD Economic Surveys—Finland. [(accessed on 1 September 2020)];2018 Feb; Available online: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/eco_surveys-fin-2018-2-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/eco_surveys-fin-2018-2-en.

Levy D.T., Tam J., Kuo C., Fong G.T., Chaloupka F. The Impact of Implementing Tobacco Control Policies: The 2017 Tobacco Control Policy Scorecard. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2018;24:448–457. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000780. PubMed DOI PMC

Van Dijk J.P. Public health facts—Why don’t they lead to healthy public policy? Int. J. Public Health. 2008;53:121–122. doi: 10.1007/s00038-008-0241-x. PubMed DOI

Find record

Citation metrics

Loading data ...

Archiving options

Loading data ...