There is a vast and ever-accumulating amount of behavioural data on individually recognised animals, an incredible resource to shed light on the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in animal behaviour. Yet, the full potential of such data lies in comparative research across taxa with distinct life histories and ecologies. Substantial challenges impede systematic comparisons, one of which is the lack of persistent, accessible and standardised databases. Big-team approaches to building standardised databases offer a solution to facilitating reliable cross-species comparisons. By sharing both data and expertise among researchers, these approaches ensure that valuable data, which might otherwise go unused, become easier to discover, repurpose and synthesise. Additionally, such large-scale collaborations promote a culture of sharing within the research community, incentivising researchers to contribute their data by ensuring their interests are considered through clear sharing guidelines. Active communication with the data contributors during the standardisation process also helps avoid misinterpretation of the data, ultimately improving the reliability of comparative databases. Here, we introduce MacaqueNet, a global collaboration of over 100 researchers (https://macaquenet.github.io/) aimed at unlocking the wealth of cross-species data for research on macaque social behaviour. The MacaqueNet database encompasses data from 1981 to the present on 61 populations across 14 species and is the first publicly searchable and standardised database on affiliative and agonistic animal social behaviour. We describe the establishment of MacaqueNet, from the steps we took to start a large-scale collective, to the creation of a cross-species collaborative database and the implementation of data entry and retrieval protocols. We share MacaqueNet's component resources: an R package for data standardisation, website code, the relational database structure, a glossary and data sharing terms of use. With all these components openly accessible, MacaqueNet can act as a fully replicable template for future endeavours establishing large-scale collaborative comparative databases.

Animal Behavior and Cognition Department of Biology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme National Institute of Advanced Studies Bengaluru India

Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme National Institute of Advanced Studies Indian Institute of Science Campus Bengaluru India

Anthropology Central Washington University Ellensburg Washington USA

Anthropology Program School of Anthropology Political Science and Sociology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale USA

Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit University of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Austrian Research Center for Primatology Ossiach Austria

Behavioral Ecology Department University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Biology Univeristy of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Behavioural Ecology Research Group Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Biopsychology Laboratory Institution of Excellence University of Mysore Mysuru India

Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg Niederhausbergen France

CLLE Université de Toulouse CNRS Toulouse France

Cognitive Ethology Lab German Primate Center Göttingen Germany

Conservation Science and Outreach North of England Zoological Society Cheshire UK

Départment d'Anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Udem Montréal Quebec Canada

Department for Primate Cognition Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Department of Anthropology Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre Durham University Durham UK

Department of Anthropology Durham University Durham UK

Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA

Department of Anthropology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA

Department of Anthropology San Diego State University San Diego California USA

Department of Anthropology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA

Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy

Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Human Behavior Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton London UK

Department of Neurosurgery Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA

Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California at Davis Davis California USA

Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center University of California at Davis Davis California USA

Department of Psychology Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK

Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada

Department of Psychology University of Tennessee Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA

Department of Sciences Roma Tre University Rome Italy

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Kannur University Kannur India

Division of Natural Sciences Engineering and Mathematics Department of Biology University of St Thomas Houston Texas USA

Domestication Lab Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria

Faculty of Biology Institute of Human Biology and Evolution Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Poland

Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Life Sciences Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK

FES Zaragoza National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Fondazione Ethoikos Convento dell'Osservanza Radicondoli Italy

Forest Conservation Department Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia

Foundation for Ecological Research Advocacy and Learning Morattandi Villupuram India

Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien Centre national de la recherche scientifique Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France

Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm University Ulm Germany

Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology School of Resource and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China

Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome Italy

Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives Strasbourg France

Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont Ferrand France

National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz Mexico City Mexico

Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich Kent UK

NTU Psychology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK

Nuremberg Zoo Nürnberg Germany

Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Trade Group Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK

Primate Cognition Göttingen Germany

Primate Social Evolution Group German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany

Primatology Research Group Research Unit SPHERES The University of Liège Liège Belgium

Program in Evolution Ecology and Behavior Department of Anthropology University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA

Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK

Research Group for Human Biology and Primate Cognition Biology Institute University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History Coimbatore India

School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University Southwell UK

School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Gelugor Malaysia

School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA

School of Life Sciences Anhui University Hefei Anhui China

School of Psychology Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour University of Exeter Exeter UK

School of Psychology Mexico City Mexico

School of Psychology University of Lincoln Lincoln UK

School of Resource and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China

Science Department North of England Zoological Society Chester UK

Srishti Manipal Institute of Arts Design and Technology Bengaluru India

The Long Tailed Macaque Project Sorø Denmark

UMR7206 Eco Anthropology CNRS MNHN Université Paris Cité Paris France

Whitelands College Roehampton University London UK

Wildlife Conservation Research Unit University of Oxford Oxford UK

Wildlife Park Goldau Goldau Switzerland

Wildlife Research Center Kyoto University Inuyama Japan

Yale Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA

ZooParc de Beauval et Beauval Nature Saint Aignan France

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