The integration and synthesis of the data in different areas of science is drastically slowed and hindered by a lack of standards and networking programmes. Long-term studies of individually marked animals are not an exception. These studies are especially important as instrumental for understanding evolutionary and ecological processes in the wild. Furthermore, their number and global distribution provides a unique opportunity to assess the generality of patterns and to address broad-scale global issues (e.g. climate change). To solve data integration issues and enable a new scale of ecological and evolutionary research based on long-term studies of birds, we have created the SPI-Birds Network and Database (www.spibirds.org)-a large-scale initiative that connects data from, and researchers working on, studies of wild populations of individually recognizable (usually ringed) birds. Within year and a half since the establishment, SPI-Birds has recruited over 120 members, and currently hosts data on almost 1.5 million individual birds collected in 80 populations over 2,000 cumulative years, and counting. SPI-Birds acts as a data hub and a catalogue of studied populations. It prevents data loss, secures easy data finding, use and integration and thus facilitates collaboration and synthesis. We provide community-derived data and meta-data standards and improve data integrity guided by the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), and aligned with the existing metadata languages (e.g. ecological meta-data language). The encouraging community involvement stems from SPI-Bird's decentralized approach: research groups retain full control over data use and their way of data management, while SPI-Birds creates tailored pipelines to convert each unique data format into a standard format. We outline the lessons learned, so that other communities (e.g. those working on other taxa) can adapt our successful model. Creating community-specific hubs (such as ours, COMADRE for animal demography, etc.) will aid much-needed large-scale ecological data integration.

Area of Toxicology Department of Health Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain

BECO do Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Behavioural Ecology Department of Biology Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Planegg Martinsried Germany

Behavioural Ecology Group Biological Sciences Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK

Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Animal Sciences Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands

Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Biodiversity and Conservation Lab Department of Biology METU Ankara Turkey

Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Paterna Spain

CEFE University of Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD University of Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France

Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary

Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall UK

Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour University of Exeter Exeter UK

Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany

Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

CNRS Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology University Lyon 1 University of Lyon Villeurbanne France

Cognitive and Cultural Ecology Research Group Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell Germany

Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec A Montréal Montréal Canada

Department Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany

Department de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid Spain

Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK

Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany

Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration Pyrenean Institute of Ecology Jaca Spain

Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden

Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany

Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Collective Behavior Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany

Department of Ecology and Genetics and Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC Seville Spain

Department of Evolutionary Genetics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany

Department of integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK

Department of Life Sciences MARE Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Department of Nature Conservation Environmental Board Estonia

Department of Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Moscow Russia

Department of Wetland Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana Sevilla Spain

Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology University of Murcia Murcia Spain

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Department STEBICEF Università degli Studi di Palermo Palermo Italy

Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula USA

Ecological Genetics Research Unit Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland

Edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK

Environmental Engineering Department Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey

Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney Australia

Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Research Unit Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Evolutionary Physiology Group Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany

Graduate School of Environment Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan

Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen

Institute of Avian Research Wilhelmshaven Germany

Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Petrozavodsk Russia

Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Kraków

Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland

Institute of Ornithology Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Zagreb Croatia

Kevo Subarctic Research Institute University of Turku Turku Finland

Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK

MTA PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group University of Pannonia Veszprém Hungary

Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research FRAM High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment Tromsø Norway

Ornithological Station Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Gdańsk Poland

RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge Sandy UK

School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Cork Ireland

Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS Moulis France

Stazione Ornitologica Monreale Italy

Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain

Université de Strasbourg CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Strasbourg France

Yamashina Institute for Ornithology Abiko Japan

Zvenigorod Biological Station Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia

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MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration

Integrating animal tracking and trait data to facilitate global ecological discoveries

Connecting the data landscape of long-term ecological studies: The SPI-Birds data hub