Many organisms adjust their reproductive phenology in response to climate change, but phenological sensitivity to temperature may vary between species. For example, resident and migratory birds have vastly different annual cycles, which can cause differential temperature sensitivity at the breeding grounds, and may affect competitive dynamics. Currently, however, adjustment to climate change in resident and migratory birds have been studied separately or at relatively small geographical scales with varying time series durations and methodologies. Here, we studied differential effects of temperature on resident and migratory birds using the mean egg laying initiation dates from 10 European nest box schemes between 1991 and 2015 that had data on at least one resident tit species and at least one migratory flycatcher species. We found that both tits and flycatchers advanced laying in response to spring warming, but resident tit populations advanced more strongly in relation to temperature increases than migratory flycatchers. These different temperature responses have already led to a divergence in laying dates between tits and flycatchers of on average 0.94 days per decade over the current study period. Interestingly, this divergence was stronger at lower latitudes where the interval between tit and flycatcher phenology is smaller and winter conditions can be considered more favorable for resident birds. This could indicate that phenological adjustment to climate change by flycatchers is increasingly hampered by competition with resident species. Indeed, we found that tit laying date had an additional effect on flycatcher laying date after controlling for temperature, and this effect was strongest in areas with the shortest interval between both species groups. Combined, our results suggest that the differential effect of climate change on species groups with overlapping breeding ecology affects the phenological interval between them, potentially affecting interspecific interactions.

Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour University of Exeter Exeter UK

Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands

Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands

Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Evolutionary Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC Seville Spain

Department of Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia

Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology University of Latvia Rīga Latvia

Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Oberer Triftweg 31A Goslar Germany

RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge Sandy Beds UK

Zvenigorod Biological Station of Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia

Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

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