When individuals breed more than once, parents are faced with the choice of whether to re-mate with their old partner or divorce and select a new mate. Evolutionary theory predicts that, following successful reproduction with a given partner, that partner should be retained for future reproduction. However, recent work in a polygamous bird, has instead indicated that successful parents divorced more often than failed breeders (Halimubieke et al. in Ecol Evol 9:10734-10745, 2019), because one parent can benefit by mating with a new partner and reproducing shortly after divorce. Here we investigate whether successful breeding predicts divorce using data from 14 well-monitored populations of plovers (Charadrius spp.). We show that successful nesting leads to divorce, whereas nest failure leads to retention of the mate for follow-up breeding. Plovers that divorced their partners and simultaneously deserted their broods produced more offspring within a season than parents that retained their mate. Our work provides a counterpoint to theoretical expectations that divorce is triggered by low reproductive success, and supports adaptive explanations of divorce as a strategy to improve individual reproductive success. In addition, we show that temperature may modulate these costs and benefits, and contribute to dynamic variation in patterns of divorce across plover breeding systems.

Associazione ARCA Senigallia Anoca Italy

Behaviour Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany

Centre for Biological Diversity School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews UK

Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India

Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu China

Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México

Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Alfred Denny Building Western Bank Sheffield UK

Department of Biodiversity Research Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland

Department of Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Budapest Hungary

Department of Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse USA

Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary

Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blackburg USA

Department of Wetland Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana Sevilla Spain

Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK

FitzPatrick Institute DST NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Forest Supervisor's Office USDA Forest Service Plumas National Forest Quincy CA USA

Milner Centre for Evolution Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Bath Bath UK

Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China

Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Cd México Mexico

Quest University Canada Squamish Canada

School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science Engineering and the Built Environment Deakin University Burwood Australia

Servei de Vigilancia 1 Control de Plagues Urbanes Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda Chengdu China

Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife Chengdu China

State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Ecology School of Life Sciences Sun Yat Sen University Shenzhen China

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Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 7;11(1):1189. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81033-w. PubMed

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