Overlooked in national reports and in conservation programs, wild food plants (WFPs) have been a vital component of food and nutrition security for centuries. Recently, several countries have reported on the widespread and regular consumption of WFPs, particularly by rural and indigenous communities but also in urban contexts. They are reported as critical for livelihood resilience and for providing essential micronutrients to people enduring food shortages or other emergency situations. However, threats derived from changes in land use and climate, overexploitation and urbanization are reducing the availability of these biological resources in the wild and contributing to the loss of traditional knowledge associated with their use. Meanwhile, few policy measures are in place explicitly targeting their conservation and sustainable use. This can be partially attributed to a lack of scientific evidence and awareness among policymakers and relevant stakeholders of the untapped potential of WFPs, accompanied by market and non-market barriers limiting their use. This paper reviews recent efforts being undertaken in several countries to build evidence of the importance of WFPs, while providing examples of cross-sectoral cooperation and multi-stakeholder approaches that are contributing to advance their conservation and sustainable use. An integrated conservation approach is proposed contributing to secure their availability for future generations.

Aegean Agricultural Research Institute Menemen Izmir P O Box 9 35661 Turkey

Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00054 Rome Italy

Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Project Ministry of the Environment Brasília DF 70068 900 Brazil

Center for International Forestry Research Penn State University State College PA 16802 USA

Environmental Studies University of the Sunshine Coast Maroochydore QLD 4556 Australia

Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Centro de Investigaciones Rurales FCSH Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30 5 vía Perimetral Guayaquil 090112 Ecuador

Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo Samborondon 091650 Ecuador

Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 16500 Praha Suchdol Czech Republic

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Wakehurst Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN UK

The Indigenous Partnership for Agrobiodiversity and Food Sovereignty c o Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00054 Rome Italy

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