Variant anatomy, which is an integral part of anatomical science, is related to abnormalities in the human body structure. Our understanding of variant anatomy is based on thousand years of anatomical experience. These abnormalities generally do not interfere with the function of the human body and do not typically manifest as pathological nosological units. However, under certain conditions, these abnormalities can worsen existing pathological states or even evoke new ones. Understanding variant anatomy is a basic skill not only of mere anatomists, but also of clinicians who work in fields involving both diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions. To gain and retain a good knowledge of the most frequent and clinically relevant anatomical variations, a simple, clear, and exactly defined nomenclature of variant structures is needed. A list of items comprising variant anatomy, which have been incorporated into the internationally accepted nomenclatures Terminologia Anatomica (1998) and Terminologia Neuroanatomica (2017), is described and analyzed. Examples of the most common anatomical variations related to terminology are mentioned, and variant anatomy as a whole and its role in understanding current anatomy are discussed.

Centre of Scientific Information 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Ruská 87 10000 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Anatomy 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University 5 Úvalu 84 15006 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Health Care Studies College of Polytechnics Jihlava Tolstého 16 58601 Jihlava Czech Republic

Institute of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava 81372 Bratislava Slovakia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Bianconi E., Piovesan A., Facchin F., Beraudi A., Casadei R., Frabetti F., Vitale L., Pelleri M.C., Tassani S., Piva F., et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013;40:463–471. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878. PubMed DOI

DiDio L.J. Concepts of normal, variation, and anomaly factors of anatomical variation and their clinical application. Int. Surg. 1972;57:744–747. PubMed

Sykes J.B., Fowler H.W. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English: Based on the Oxford English Dictionary and Its Supplements. 6th ed. Clarendon Press; Oxford, UK: 1976.

Merriam-Webster. [(accessed on 14 November 2020)]; Available online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/

Moore K.L. Meaning of “normal”. Clin. Anat. 1989;2:235–239. doi: 10.1002/ca.980020404. DOI

Salter R.B. Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System: An Introduction to Orthopaedics, Fractures and Joint Injuries, Rheumatology, Metabolic Bone Disease, and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore, MD, USA: 1983.

Jones K.L. Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 4th ed. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1988.

Keats T.E. Normal anatomic variation: A never ending saga. Clin. Imaging. 1993;17:169. doi: 10.1016/0899-7071(93)90061-Q. PubMed DOI

Cahill D.R., Leonard R.J. Missteps and masquerade in American medical academe: Clinical anatomists call for action. Clin. Anat. 1999;12:220–222. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:3<220::AID-CA14>3.0.CO;2-K. PubMed DOI

Sañudo J.R., Vázquez R., Puerta J. Meaning and clinical interest of the anatomical variations in the 21 st century. Eur. J. Anat. 2003;7:1–3.

Leonard R.J. A clinical anatomy curriculum for the medical student of the 21st century: Gross anatomy. Clin. Anat. 1996;9:71–99. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:2<71::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-2. PubMed DOI

General Plan Anatomy. Objectives of the teaching of anatomy/embryology in medical curricula in The Netherlands. Appendix 2. Eur. J. Morphol. 1999;37:288–325. doi: 10.1076/ejom.37.4.288.4721. PubMed DOI

Lippert H., Pabst R. Arterial Variations in Man: Classification and Frequency. J.F. Bergmann-Verlag München; München, Germany: 1985.

Arey L.B. Developmental Anatomy; A Textbook and Laboratory Manual of Embryology. 4th ed. W.B. Saunders; London, UK: 1940.

Holmes L.B. Current concepts in genetics. Congenital malformations. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976;295:204–207. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197607222950406. PubMed DOI

Singer C. Galen on Anatomical Procedures: Translation of the Surviving Books with Introduction and Notes. Oxford University Press; Cambridge, UK: 1956.

Hast M.H., Garrison D.H. Vesalius on the variability of the human skull: Book I chapter V of De humani corporis fabrica. Clin. Anat. 2000;13:311–320. PubMed

Straus W.L., Temkin O. Vesalius and the problem of variability. Bull. Hist. Med. 1943;14:609–633.

Dângelo J.G., Fattini C. Anatomia Humana Sistêmica e Segmentar. 2nd ed. Atheneu; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 2000.

Davim A., Neto J.F.S., Albuquerque D.F. Anatomical variation of the superior cerebelar artery: A case study. J. Morphol. Sci. 2010;27:155–156.

Georgiev G.P. Significance of anatomical variations for clinical practice. Int. J. Anat. Var. 2017;10:43–44.

Tubbs R.S., Shoja M.M., Loukas M. Bergman’s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. Wiley; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2016.

Kachlik D., Laco J., Turyna R., Baca V. A very rare variant in the colon supply--arteria mesenterica media. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2009;153:79–82. doi: 10.5507/bp.2009.014. PubMed DOI

Marden P.M., Smith D.W., McDonald M.J. Congenital Anomalies in the Newborn Infant, Including Minor Variations. A Study of 4,412 Babies by Surface Examination for Anomalies and Buccal Smear for Sex Chromatin. J. Pediatr. 1964;64:357–371. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(64)80188-8. PubMed DOI

Méhes K., Stadler G. Minor. Malformations in the Neonate. Akadémiai Kiadó; Budapest, Hungary: 1983.

Stevenson R.E., Hall J.G. Terminology. In: Stevenson R.E., Hall J.G., Goodman R.M., editors. Human Malformations and Related Anomalies. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, USA: 1993.

Andreo J.C., Caldas Navarro J.A., Toledo Filho J.L., de Araujo J.C. Caroticotympanic artery: Anatomically a normal branch or a variation of the internal carotid artery? Cells Tissues Organs. 2000;166:319–322. doi: 10.1159/000016745. PubMed DOI

Hauser G., De Stefano G.F. Epigenetic Variants of the Human Skull. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; Stuttgart, Germany: 1989.

Mann R.W., Hunt D.R., Lozanoff S. In: Photographic Regional Atlas of Non-Metric Traits and Anatomical Variants in the Human Skeleton. Charles C., editor. Thomas; Springfield, MA, USA: 2016.

Tountas C.P., Bergman R.A. Anatomic Variations of the Upper Extremity. Churchill Livingstone; New York, NY, USA: 1993.

Adachi B. Anatomie der Japaner 1: Das Arteriensystem der Japaner. Kaiserlich-Japanischen Universität zu Kyoto; Kyoto, Japan: 1928. pp. 20–71.

Adachi B. Anatomie der Japaner 2 das Venensystem der Japaner 1. Kaiserlich-Japanischen Universität Kyoto; Kyoto, Japan: 1933.

Adachi B. Anatomie der Japaner 2 das Venensystem der Japaner 2. Kaiserlich-Japanische Universität Kyoto; Kyoto, Japan: 1940.

Hovelacque A. Anatomie des Nerfs Crâniens and Rachidiens et du Système Grand Sympathique. Doin; Paris, France: 1927.

Bergman R.A., Thompson S.A., Afifi A.K., Saadeh F.A. Compendium of Human Anatomic Variation: Text, Atlas, and World Literature. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore, MA, USA: 1988.

Bergman R.A., Afifi A.K., Miyauchi R. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. [(accessed on 14 November 2020)]; Available online: https://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/AnatomyHP.shtml.

Kachlik D., Baca V., Bozdechova I., Cech P., Musil V. Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: Past, present and highlights. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2008;30:459–466. doi: 10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y. PubMed DOI

FIPAT Terminologia Neuroatomica. [(accessed on 14 November 2020)]; Available online: http://FIPAT.library.dal.ca.

FCAT . Terminologia Anatomica. Thieme Verlag; Stuttgart, Germany: 1998.

Ten Donkelaar H.J., Broman J., Neumann P.E., Puelles L., Riva A., Tubbs R.S., Kachlik D. Towards a Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Clin. Anat. 2017;30:145–155. doi: 10.1002/ca.22809. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Musil V., Baca V. A plea for extension of the anatomical nomenclature. Part 1: Nervous system and senses. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2017;76:168–177. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0064. PubMed DOI

Bartley G.B., Gerber T.C. Eisler and his pocket. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2006;141:417–418. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.09.019. PubMed DOI

MacNalty A.S. Butterworth’s Medical Dictionary. Revised Edition. Butterworths; London, UK: 1965.

Dobson J. Anatomic Eponyms. Bailliere, Tindall & Cox; London, UK: 1976.

Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 30th ed. W.B. Saunders Co.; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2003.

Enersen O.D. Whonamedit.com. [(accessed on 14 November 2020)]; Available online: http://www.whonamedit.com.

Olry R. Dictionary of Anatomical Eponyms. Gustav Fischer Verlag; Stuttgart, Germany: 1994.

Kachlik D., Whitley A. The Czech contribution to the history of anatomy: A focus on Charles University. Ann. Anat. 2020:151623. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151623. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Musil V., Baca V. Contribution to the anatomical nomenclature concerning upper limb anatomy. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2017;39:405–417. doi: 10.1007/s00276-016-1749-z. PubMed DOI

Hankins C.L., Flemming S. A variant of Kaplan’s accessory branch of the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve: A case report and review of the literature. J. Hand Surg. Am. 2005;30:1231–1235. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.06.015. PubMed DOI

Caggiati A., Bergan J.J., Gloviczki P., Jantet G., Wendell-Smith C.P., Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: An international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J. Vasc. Surg. 2002;36:416–422. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.125847. PubMed DOI

Caggiati A., Bergan J.J., Gloviczki P., Eklof B., Allegra C., Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limb: Extensions, refinements, and clinical application. J. Vasc. Surg. 2005;41:719–724. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.01.018. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Pechacek V., Baca V., Musil V. The superficial venous system of the lower extremity: New nomenclature. Phlebology. 2010;25:113–123. PubMed

Kachlik D., Pechacek V., Musil V., Baca V. The venous system of the pelvis: New nomenclature. Phlebology. 2010;25:162–173. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2010.010006. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Pechacek V., Musil V., Baca V. The deep venous system of the lower extremity: New nomenclature. Phlebology. 2012;27:48–58. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2011.010081. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Pechacek V., Hnatkova G., Hnatek L., Musil V., Baca V. The venous perforators of the lower limb—A new terminology. Phlebology. 2019;34:650–668. doi: 10.1177/0268355519837869. PubMed DOI

Kadir S., Brothers M.F. Atlas of Normal and Variant Angiographic Anatomy. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1991.

Michels N.A. Blood Supply and Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Organs, with a Descriptive Atlas. Lippincott Comp.; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1955.

Michels N.A., Siddharth P., Kornblith P.L., Parke W.W. Routes of collateral circulation of the gastrointestinal tract as ascertained in a idssection of 500 bodies. Int. Surg. 1968;49:8–28. PubMed

Michels N.A., Siddharth P., Kornblith P.L., Parke W.W. The Variant Blood Supply to the Descending Colon, Rectosigmoid and Rectum Based on 400 Dissections. Its Importance in Regional Resections: A Review of Medical Literature. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1965;8:251–278. doi: 10.1007/BF02617894. PubMed DOI

Michels N.A., Siddharth P., Kornblith P.L., Parke W.W. The variant blood supply to the small and large intestines: Its import in regional resections. A new anatomic study based on four hundred dissections, with a complete review of literature. J. Int. Coll. Surg. 1963;39:127–142.

Nelson T.M., Pollak R., Jonasson O., Abcarian H. Anatomic variants of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries and their clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 1988;1:75–91. doi: 10.1002/ca.980010202. DOI

Kachlik D., Hoch J. The Blood Supply of the Large Intestine. Karolinum; Praha, Czech Republic: 2008.

Rodriguez-Niedenfuhr M., Sanudo J.R., Vazquez T., Nearn L., Logan B., Parkin I. Median artery revisited. J. Anat. 1999;195:57–63. doi: 10.1017/S0021878299005075. PubMed DOI PMC

Rodriguez-Niedenfuhr M., Vazquez T., Nearn L., Ferreira B., Parkin I., Sanudo J.R. Variations of the arterial pattern in the upper limb revisited: A morphological and statistical study, with a review of the literature. J. Anat. 2001;199:547–566. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19950547.x. PubMed DOI PMC

Rodriguez-Niedenfuhr M., Vazquez T., Parkin I., Sanudo R.J. Arterial patterns of the human upper limb: Update of anatomical variations and embryological development. Eur. J. Anat. 2003;7:21–28.

Rodriguez-Niedenfuhr M., Sanudo J.R., Vazquez T., Nearn L., Logan B., Parkin I. Anastomosis at the level of the elbow joint connecting the deep, or normal, brachial artery with major arterial variations of the upper limb. J. Anat. 2000;196:115–119. doi: 10.1017/S0021878299005737. PubMed DOI PMC

Konarik M., Musil V., Baca V., Kachlik D. Upper limb principal arteries variations: A cadaveric study with terminological implication. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2020;20:502–513. PubMed PMC

Uhl J.F., Lo Vuolo M., Gillot C. Anatomy of foot and ankle perforator veins. Phlebolymphology. 2017;24:105–112.

Uhl J.F. Focus on venous embryogenesis of the human lower limb. Phlebolymphology. 2015;22:55–63.

Gillot C. Les veines perforantes inférieures de la jambe, de la cheville et du pied. Phlebologie. 1994;47:76–104.

Uhl J.F., Gillot C., Chahim M. Anatomical variations of the femoral vein. J. Vasc. Surg. 2010;52:714–719. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.04.014. PubMed DOI

Uhl J.F., Gillot C. Anatomy and embryology of the small saphenous vein: Nerve relationships and implications for treatment. Phlebology. 2013;28:4–15. doi: 10.1258/phleb.2012.012j08. PubMed DOI

Uhl J.F., Gillot C. Anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb. Phlebology. 2015;30:180–193. doi: 10.1177/0268355513517686. PubMed DOI

Uhl J.F., Gillot C. Embryology and three-dimensional anatomy of the superficial venous system of the lower limbs. Phlebology. 2007;22:194–206. doi: 10.1258/026835507782101717. PubMed DOI

Gillot C. Anatomie chirurgicale des perforantes de la jambe. Phlébologie. 1987;40:563–574. PubMed

Quain R. Lithographic Drawings with Practical Commentaries. Taylor and Walton; London, UK: 1844. The anatomy of the arteries of the human body with its applications to pathology and operative surgery. PubMed PMC

Dubreuil-Chambardel L. Variations Des Artères du Pelvis et du Membre Inférieur. Masson; Paris, France: 1925.

Dubreuil-Chambardel L. Variations des Artères du Membre Supérieur. Masson; Paris, France: 1926.

Anson B.J., McVay C.B., Callander C.L. Surgical Anatomy. 5th ed. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1971.

Wolpert S.M. The circle of Willis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1033–1034. PubMed PMC

Osborn A.G., Jacobs J.M. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography. 2nd ed. Lippincott-Raven; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1999.

Ergun E., Simsek B., Kosar P.N., Yilmaz B.K., Turgut A.T. Anatomical variations in branching pattern of arcus aorta: 64-slice CTA appearance. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2013;35:503–509. doi: 10.1007/s00276-012-1063-3. PubMed DOI

Ramaswamy P., Lytrivi I.D., Thanjan M.T., Nguyen T., Srivastava S., Sharma S., Ko H.H., Parness I.A., Lai W.W. Frequency of aberrant subclavian artery, arch laterality, and associated intracardiac anomalies detected by echocardiography. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008;101:677–682. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.10.036. PubMed DOI

Konschake M., Zwierzina M.E., Pechriggl E.J., Moriggl B., Brenner E., Hormann R., Prommegger R. The nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve: A clinical anatomic mapping with regard to intraoperative neuromonitoring. Surgery. 2016;160:161–168. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.12.021. PubMed DOI

Henry B.M., Sanna S., Graves M.J., Vikse J., Sanna B., Tomaszewska I.M., Tubbs R.S., Walocha J.A., Tomaszewski K.A. The Non-Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: A meta-analysis and clinical considerations. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3012. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3012. PubMed DOI PMC

Labuschagne J.J., Hammer N. Intra-Operative Detection of a Left-Sided Non-Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation. Medicina. 2020;56:489. doi: 10.3390/medicina56100489. PubMed DOI PMC

Miletin J., Sukop A., Baca V., Kachlik D. Arterial supply of the thumb: Systemic review. Clin. Anat. 2017;30:963–973. doi: 10.1002/ca.22973. PubMed DOI

Miletin J., Sukop A., Baca V., Kachlik D. Innominate variant artery in the first web space. Ann. Anat. 2020;230:151521. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151521. PubMed DOI

Tezcan M., Ozcan M., Kahveci R., Safak E., Akin S. A new flap from the dorsum of the first intermetacarpal area: The first dorsal intermetacarpal flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1997;100:914–918. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199709001-00013. PubMed DOI

Pretterklieber B., Pretterklieber M.L. A Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Perspective of the Unique Accumulation of Arterial Variations in One Human Anatomic Specimen. Medicina. 2020;56:449. doi: 10.3390/medicina56090449. PubMed DOI PMC

Synnestvedt A.S.D. En Anatomisk Beskrivelse af de Paa Over-og Underextremiteterne Forekommende Bursae Mucosae. Brögger & Christie’s Booktrykkerie; Christiania, Denmark: 1869.

Storm-Mathisen J., Stingl J.A.S.D. Synnestvedt: Mucous Bursae of the Upper and Lower Extremity. Karolinum; Praha, Czech Republic: 2010.

Musil V., Selnes C.V., Falck A.T., Sandve L., Shekarchi S., O’Donnell B., Kachlik D. An important Norwegian contribution to the study of the bursae of the upper and lower extremities. Acta. Orthop. 2010;81:593–598. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2010.506633. PubMed DOI PMC

De-Ary-Pires B., Ary-Pires R., Pires-Neto M.A. The human digastric muscle: Patterns and variations with clinical and surgical correlations. Ann. Anat. 2003;185:471–479. doi: 10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80110-3. PubMed DOI

Hirtler L. Langer’s axillary arch—Case presentation and literature overview. Austin J. Anat. 2014;1:1–5.

Taterra D., Henry B.M., Zarzecki M.P., Sanna B., Pekala P.A., Cirocchi R., Walocha J.A., Tubbs R.S., Tomaszewski K.A. Prevalence and anatomy of the axillary arch and its implications in surgical practice: A meta-analysis. Surgeon. 2019;17:43–51. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2018.04.003. PubMed DOI

Mizia E., Zarzecki M.P., Pekala J.R., Baginski A., Kaythampillai L.N., Golebiowska M., Pekala P.A., Walocha J.A., Tomaszewski K.A. An anatomical investigation of rare upper limb neuropathies due to the Struthers’ ligament or arcade: A meta-analysis. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2020 doi: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0050. PubMed DOI

Von Henle J. Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. Friedrich Vieweg; Braunschweig, Germany: 1871.

Testut L., Duval M. Les Anomalies Musculaires Chez L’homme: Expliquées par L’anatomie Comparée: Leur Impotance en Athropologie. G. Masson; Paris, France: 1884.

Le Double A.F. Traité des Variations du Système Musculaire de l’Homme (2 Tomes) Schleicher Frères; Paris, France: 1897.

Macalister A. Additional observations on muscular anomalies in human anatomy (third series), with a catalogue of the principal muscular variations hitherto published. Trans. R. Irish Acad. Sci. 1875;25:1–134.

Mori M. Statistics on the Musculature of the Japanese. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 1964;40:195–300. doi: 10.2535/ofaj1936.40.3_195. PubMed DOI

Frohse F., Fränkel M. Die Muskeln des menschlichen Armes. In: Bardeleben K., editor. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Gustav Fischer; Jena, LA, USA: 1908.

Eisler P. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen in Acht Bänden. Gustav Fischer; Jena, LA, USA: 1912. Muskeln des Halses, musculi colli. Band 2, Abteilung 2, Teil I. Bänder, Gelenke und Muskeln; Abteilung 2, Teil 1, Die Muskeln des Stammes.

Martinoli C., Perez M.M., Padua L., Valle M., Capaccio E., Altafini L., Michaud J., Tagliafico A. Muscle variants of the upper and lower limb (with anatomical correlation) Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol. 2010;14:106–121. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253155. PubMed DOI

Sookur P.A., Naraghi A.M., Bleakney R.R., Jalan R., Chan O., White L.M. Accessory muscles: Anatomy, symptoms, and radiologic evaluation. Radiographics. 2008;28:481–499. doi: 10.1148/rg.282075064. PubMed DOI

Ahn J., Duran M., Syldort S., Rizvi A., D’Antoni A.V., Johal J., Iwanaga J., Oskouian R.J., Tubbs R.S. Arcuate Foramen: Anatomy, Embryology, Nomenclature, Pathology, and Surgical Considerations. World Neurosurg. 2018;118:197–202. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.038. PubMed DOI

Czako L., Hirjak D., Simko K., Thurzo A., Janovszky A., Galis B. 3D navigation in surgery of Eagle syndrome. Bratisl. Lek. Listy. 2019;120:494–497. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2019_078. PubMed DOI

Czako L., Simko K., Thurzo A., Galis B., Varga I. The Syndrome of Elongated Styloid Process, the Eagle’s Syndrome-From Anatomical, Evolutionary and Embryological Backgrounds to 3D Printing and Personalized Surgery Planning. Report of Five Cases. Medicina. 2020;56:458. doi: 10.3390/medicina56090458. PubMed DOI PMC

Stammberger H.R., Kennedy D.W. Paranasal sinuses: Anatomic terminology and nomenclature. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl. 1995;167:7–16. doi: 10.1177/000348949510410s01. PubMed DOI

Czakó L., Hirjak D., Šimko K., Kupcová I., Gális B. Radix in antro—Koreň v čeľustnej dutine (Article in Slovak; Radix in antro—Root in the sinus maxillaris) Stomatológ. 2019;29:32–34.

Gonlugur U., Efeoglu T., Kaptanoglu M., Akkurt I. Major anatomical variations of the tracheobronchial tree: Bronchoscopic observation. Anat. Sci. Int. 2005;80:111–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00104.x. PubMed DOI

Cheng Y.F., Huang T.L., Lee T.Y., Chen T.Y., Chen C.L. Variation of the intrahepatic portal vein; angiographic demonstration and application in living-related hepatic transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 1996;28:1667–1668. PubMed

Bischoff E.P.E., Sachs E., Valtin E.W. Microscopic Analysis of the Anastomoses between the Cranial Nerves. University Press of New England; Hanover, Germany: 1977.

Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097. PubMed DOI PMC

Henry B.M., Tomaszewski K.A., Ramakrishnan P.K., Roy J., Vikse J., Loukas M., Tubbs R.S., Walocha J.A. Development of the anatomical quality assessment (AQUA) tool for the quality assessment of anatomical studies included in meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Clin. Anat. 2017;30:6–13. doi: 10.1002/ca.22799. PubMed DOI

Henry B.M., Marcinow A., Pekala P., Taterra D., Loukas M., Tubbs R.S., Walocha J.A., Tomaszewski K.A. Polish translation of the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) Checklist: New guidelines for reporting in original anatomical studies. Folia Med. Cracov. 2017;57:105–116. PubMed

Kacprzyk A., Dros S.J., Stefura T., Krzysztofik M., Jasinska K., Pedziwiatr M., Major P., Holda M.K. Variations and morphometric features of the vermiform appendix: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 114,080 subjects with clinical implications. Clin. Anat. 2020;33:85–98. doi: 10.1002/ca.23474. PubMed DOI

Cirocchi R., D’Andrea V., Lauro A., Renzi C., Henry B.M., Tomaszewski K.A., Rende M., Lancia M., Carlini L., Gioia S., et al. The absence of the common hepatic artery and its implications for surgical practice: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgeon. 2019;17:172–185. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.03.001. PubMed DOI

Whitley A., Oliverius M., Kocian P., Havluj L., Gurlich R., Kachlik D. Variations of the celiac trunk investigated by multidetector computed tomography: Systematic review and meta-analysis with clinical correlations. Clin. Anat. 2020;33:1249–1262. doi: 10.1002/ca.23576. PubMed DOI

FIPAT Terminologia Embryologica. [(accessed on 14 November 2020)]; Available online: http://fipat.library.dal.ca/te2/

Slavikova T., Zabojnikova L., Babala J., Varga I. An embryological point of view on associated congenital anomalies of children with Hirschsprung disease. Bratisl. Lek. Listy. 2015;116:640–647. PubMed

Klein M., Varga I. Hirschsprung’s Disease—Recent Understanding of Embryonic Aspects, Etiopathogenesis and Future Treatment Avenues. Medicina. 2020;56:611. doi: 10.3390/medicina56110611. PubMed DOI PMC

Kachlik D., Bozdechova I., Cech P., Musil V., Baca V. Mistakes in the Usage of Anatomical Terminology in Clinical Practice. Biomed. Pap. 2009;153:157–161. doi: 10.5507/bp.2009.027. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Pechacek V., Musil V., Baca V. Information on the Changes in the Revised Anatomical Nomenclature of the Lower Limb Veins. Biomed. Pap. 2010;154:93–97. doi: 10.5507/bp.2010.016. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Musil V., Baca V. Terminologia Anatomica after 17 years: Inconsistencies, mistakes and new proposals. Ann. Anat. 2015;201:8–16. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.006. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Musil V., Baca V. Contribution to the anatomical nomenclature concerning general anatomy and anatomical variations. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2016;38:757–765. doi: 10.1007/s00276-016-1627-8. PubMed DOI

Strzelec B., Chmielewski P.P., Gworys B. The Terminologia Anatomica matters: Examples from didactic, scientific, and clinical practice. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2017;76:340–347. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0078. PubMed DOI

Kachlik D., Musil V., Baca V. Contribution to the anatomical nomenclature concerning lower limb anatomy. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2018;40:537–562. doi: 10.1007/s00276-017-1920-1. PubMed DOI

Musil V., Blankova A., Baca V. A plea for an extension of the anatomical nomenclature: The locomotor system. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2018;18:117–125. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.2276. PubMed DOI PMC

Musil V., Blankova A., Dvorakova V., Turyna R., Baca V. A plea for an extension of the anatomical nomenclature: Organ systems. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2019;19:1–13. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3195. PubMed DOI PMC

Musil V., Sach J., Kachlik D., Patzelt M., Stingl J. Vasa vasorum: An old term with new problems. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2018;40:1159–1164. doi: 10.1007/s00276-018-2068-3. PubMed DOI

Varga I., Blankova A., Konarik M., Baca V., Dvorakova V., Musil V. The Terminologia Histologica after 10 years: Inconsistencies, mistakes, and new proposals. Ann. Anat. 2018;219:65–75. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.005. PubMed DOI

Varga I., Galfiova P., Blankova A., Konarik M., Baca V., Dvorakova V., Musil V., Turyna R., Klein M. Terminologia Histologica 10 years on: Some disputable terms in need of discussion and recent developments. Ann. Anat. 2019;226:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.07.005. PubMed DOI

Chmielewski P.P., Strzelec B. Should Terminologia Anatomica be revised and extended? A critical literature review. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2020;79:1–14. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0047. PubMed DOI

Chmielewski P.P., Domagala Z.A. Terminologia Anatomica and its practical usage: Pitfalls and how to avoid them. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2020;79:198–204. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0086. PubMed DOI

Chmielewski P.P. New Terminologia Anatomica highlights the importance of clinical anatomy. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2020;79:15–20. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0048. PubMed DOI

Neumann P.E., Gest T.R., Tubbs R.S. The principles of anatomical nomenclature revision: They’re more like guidelines anyway. Clin. Anat. 2020;33:327–331. doi: 10.1002/ca.23494. PubMed DOI

Varga I., Kachlík D., Klein M. A plea for extension of the official nomenclature of the microscopic structure of human tissues and organs, the Terminologia Histologica. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 2020;79:610–620. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0110. PubMed DOI

Varga I., Danišovič Ľ., Kachlík D., Beňuš R., Klein M. Zoological terms in the human histological nomenclature Terminologia Histologica. What we think, what we know, and what we think we know. Biologia. 2020;75:1175–1181. doi: 10.2478/s11756-019-00356-2. DOI

Fontaine C. Some thoughts about anatomic variations. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2001;23:1–2. PubMed

Moriggl B., Fontaine C. Strengthening editors’ policy concerning publication of anatomic variations. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2004;26:1–2. doi: 10.1007/s00276-003-0211-1. PubMed DOI

Willan P.L.T., Humpherson J.R. Concepts of variation and normality in morphology: Important issues at risk of neglect in modern undergraduate medical courses. Clin. Anat. 1999;12:186–190. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:3<186::AID-CA7>3.0.CO;2-6. PubMed DOI

FICAT . Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore, MD, USA: 2008.

Enigmatic thymus: Variations in anatomical localisation of thymic tissue as an easily misdiagnosed congenital anomaly in surgical practice