Virus-host interactions form an essential part of every aspect of life, and this review is aimed at looking at the balance between the host and persistent viruses with a focus on the immune system. The virus-host interaction is like a cat-and-mouse game and viruses have developed ingenious mechanisms to manipulate cellular pathways, most notably the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway, to reside within infected cell while evading detection and destruction by the immune system. However, some of the signals sensing and responding to viral infection are derived from viruses and the fact that certain viruses can prevent the infection of others, highlights a more complex coexistence between the host and the viral microbiota. Viral immune evasion strategies also illustrate that processes whereby cells detect and present non-self genetic material to the immune system are interlinked with other cellular pathways. Immune evasion is a target also for cancer cells and a more detailed look at the interfaces between viral factors and components of the MHC class I peptide-loading complex indicates that these interfaces are also targets for cancer mutations. In terms of the immune checkpoint, however, viral and cancer strategies appear different.

Department of Medical Biosciences Umeå University Building 6M 901 85 Umeå Sweden

Inserm UMRS1131 Institut de Génétique Moléculaire Université Paris 7 Hôpital St Louis F 75010 Paris France

International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science University of Gdansk Kladki 24 80 822 Gdansk Poland

RECAMO Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Zluty kopec 7 65653 Brno Czech Republic

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Functional Interfaces, Biological Pathways, and Regulations of Interferon-Related DNA Damage Resistance Signature (IRDS) Genes