To develop a benign nanomaterial from biogenic sources, we have attempted to formulate and fabricate silver nanoparticles synthesized from the culture filtrate of an endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum strain LA-1 (PoAgNPs). The synthesized PoAgNPs were exclusively characterized through UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong absorbance around 430 nm with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and exhibited a face-centered cubic crystalline nature in XRD analysis. Proteins presented in the culture filtrate acted as reducing, capping, and stabilization agents to form PoAgNPs. TEM analysis revealed the generation of polydispersed spherical PoAgNPs with an average size of 52.26 nm. The PoAgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. The PoAgNPs induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231), and apoptotic morphological changes were observed by dual staining. Additionally, PoAgNPs demonstrated better larvicidal activity against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Moreover, the hemolytic test indicated that the as-synthesized PoAgNPs are a safe and biocompatible nanomaterial with versatile bio-applications.

Biomedical Research Center University Hospital in Hradec Kralove Sokolska 581 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Biotechnology Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 India

Department of Biotechnology Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Karpagam University Coimbatore 641021 India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove Sokolska 581 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Plant Pathology Research Institute Agricultural Research Center Giza 12619 Egypt

School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing 621010 China

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Meera R. Nanostructures and their applications. Recent Res. Sci. Technol. 2012;4:14–19.

Sekhon B. Nanotechnology in agri-food production: An overview. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 2014;7:31–53. doi: 10.2147/NSA.S39406. PubMed DOI PMC

Ejad R.M., Karimi S., Iravani S., Varma R.S. Plant-derived nanostructures: Types and applications. Green Chem. 2016;18:20–52.

Marassi V., Di Cristo L., Smith S., Ortelli S., Blosi M., Costa A.L., Reschiglian P., Volkov Y., Prina-Mello A. Silver nanoparticles as a medical device in healthcare settings: A five-step approach for candidate screening of coating agents. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018;5:171113. doi: 10.1098/rsos.171113. PubMed DOI PMC

Ferlay J., Colombet M., Soerjomataram I., Mathers C., Parkin D.M., Pineros M., Znaor A., Bray F. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int. J. Cancer. 2019;144:1941–1953. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937. PubMed DOI

Curigliano G., Criscitiello C. Successes and limitations of targeted cancer therapy in breast cancer. Prog. Tumor Res. 2014;41:15–35. PubMed

Kumari P., Ghosh B., Biswas S. Nanocarriers for cancer-targeted drug delivery. J. Drug Target. 2016;24:179–191. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2015.1051049. PubMed DOI

Mayo Clinic Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer—Mayo Clinic. [(accessed on 11 May 2019)];2018 Available online: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chemotherapy-for-breast-cancer/about/pac-20384931.

Tang X., Cai S., Zhang R., Liu P., Chen H., Zheng Y., Sun L. Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles of star-shaped cholic ac-id-core PLA-TPGS copolymer for breast cancer treatment. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2013;8:420. doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-8-420. PubMed DOI PMC

Sonawnae A., Jena P., Mohanty S., Mallick R., Jacob B. Toxicity and antibacterial assessment of chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles on human pathogens and macrophage cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012;7:1805–1818. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S28077. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang L., Gu F.X., Chan J.M., Wang A.Z., Langer R.S., Farokhzad O.C. Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008;83:761–769. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100400. PubMed DOI

Khan I., Saeed K., Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab. J. Chem. 2019;12:908–931. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011. DOI

Iravani S., Korbekandi H., Mirmohammadi S., Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Chemical, physical and biological methods. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2015;9:385–406. PubMed PMC

El-Nour K.M.A., Eftaiha A., Al-Warthan A., Ammar R.A. Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. Arab. J. Chem. 2010;3:135–140. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.04.008. DOI

Li X., Xu H., Chen Z.-S., Chen G. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Microorganisms and Their Applications. J. Nanomater. 2011;2011:270974. doi: 10.1155/2011/270974. DOI

Durán N., Marcato P.D., Alves O.L., De Souza G.I.H., Esposito E. Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2005;3:8. doi: 10.1186/1477-3155-3-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Moghaddam A.B., Namvar F., Moniri M., Tahir P.M., Azizi S., Mohamad R. Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Fungi and Yeast: A Review of Their Preparation, Properties, and Medical Applications. Molecules. 2015;20:16540–16565. doi: 10.3390/molecules200916540. PubMed DOI PMC

Strobel G., Daisy B., Castillo U., Harper J. Natural Products from Endophytic Microorganisms. J. Nat. Prod. 2004;67:257–268. doi: 10.1021/np030397v. PubMed DOI

Aly A.H., Debbab A., Kjer J., Proksch P. Fungal endophytes from higher plants: A prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal Divers. 2010;41:1–16. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0034-4. DOI

Prabukumar S., Sathishkumar G., Rajkuberan C., Gobinath C., Asad S., Hodhod M.S., Fuad A., Sivaramakrishnan S. Isolation of limonoid compound (Hamisonine) from endophytic fungi Penicillium oxalicum LA-1 (KX622790) of Limonia acidissima L. for its larvicidal efficacy against LF vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018;24:21272–21282. PubMed

Rajkuberan C., Sudha K., Sathishkumar G., Sivaramakrishnan S. Antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of silver nanopar-ticles synthesized using latex of Calotropis gigantea L. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015;136:924–930. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.115. PubMed DOI

Dong Y., Yang Y., Wei Y., Gao Y., Jiang W., Wang G., Wang D. Facile synthetic nano-curcumin encapsulated Bio-fabricated nanoparticles induces ROS-mediated apoptosis and migration blocking of human lung cancer cells. Process. Biochem. 2020;95:91–98. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.011. DOI

Priyadarshini S., Sonsudin F., Mainal A., Yahya R., Gopinath V., Vadivelu J., Alarjani K.M., Al Farraj D.A., Yehia H.M. Phytosynthesis of biohybrid nano-silver anchors enhanced size dependent photocatalytic, antibacterial, anticancer properties and cytocompatibility. Process. Biochem. 2021;101:59–71. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.008. DOI

Wiegand I., Hilpert K., Hancock R.E.W. Agar and Broth Dilution Methods to Determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concen-tration (MIC) of Antimicrobial Substances. Nat. Protoc. 2008;3:163–175. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.521. PubMed DOI

Manikandan R., Anjali R., Beulaja M., Prabhu N.M., Koodalingam A., Saiprasad G., Chitra P., Arumugam M. Synthesis, characterization, anti-proliferative and wound healing activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Caulerpa scalpelli-formis. Process Biochem. 2019;79:135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.013. DOI

Rajkuberan C., Prabukumar S., Muthukumar K., Sathishkumar G., Sivaramakrishnan S. Carica papaya (Papaya) latex: A new paradigm to combat against dengue and filariasis vectors Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) 3 Biotech. 2018;8:83. PubMed PMC

Porras-Alfaro A., Bayman P. Hidden Fungi, Emergent Properties: Endophytes and Microbiomes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011;49:291–315. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081831. PubMed DOI

Kiran G.S., Priyadharsini S., Sajayan A., Ravindran A., Selvin J. An antibiotic agent pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro isolated from a marine bacteria Bacillus tequilensis MSI45 effectively controls multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. RSC Adv. 2018;8:17837–17846. doi: 10.1039/C8RA00820E. PubMed DOI PMC

Sheoran N., Nadakkakath A.V., Munjal V., Kundu A., Subaharan K., Venugopal V., Rajamma S., Eapen S.J., Kumar A. Genetic analysis of plant endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 and chemo-profiling of its antimicrobial volatile organic compounds. Microbiol. Res. 2015;173:66–78. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.02.001. PubMed DOI

Singh D., Rathod V., Ninganagouda S., Herimath J., Kulkarni P. Optimization and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle by Endophytic Fungi Penicillium sp. Isolated from Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Application Studies against MDR E. coli and S. aureus. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2014;2014:408021. doi: 10.1155/2014/408021. PubMed DOI PMC

Amendola V., Bakr O.M., Stellacci F. A Study of the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles by the Discrete Dipole Approximation Method: Effect of Shape, Size, Structure, and Assembly. Plasmonics. 2010;5:85–97. doi: 10.1007/s11468-009-9120-4. DOI

Netala V.R., Kotakadi V.S., Bobbu P., Gaddam S.A., Tartte V. Endophytic fungal isolate mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their free radical scavenging activity and anti-microbial studies. 3 Biotech. 2016;6:132. doi: 10.1007/s13205-016-0433-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Qian Y., Yu H., He D., Yang H., Wang W., Wan X., Wang L. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum and their activity against pathogenic fungi. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 2013;36:1613–1619. doi: 10.1007/s00449-013-0937-z. PubMed DOI

Jain S., Mehata M.S. Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract and Pure Flavonoid Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Enhanced Antibacterial Property. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:15867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15724-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Litvin V.A., Minaev B.F. Spectroscopy study of silver nanoparticles fabrication using synthetic humic substances and their antimicrobial activity. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2013;108:115–122. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.01.049. PubMed DOI

Jaidev L.R., Narasimha G. Fungal mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 2010;81:430–433. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.07.033. PubMed DOI

El-Rafie M., Shaheen T., Mohamed A., Hebeish A. Bio-synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles onto cotton fabrics. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012;90:915–920. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.020. PubMed DOI

Syed A., Saraswati S., Kundu G.C., Ahmad A. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Humicola sp. and evaluation of their cytoxicity using normal and cancer cell lines. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2013;114:144–147. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.030. PubMed DOI

Singh T., Jyoti K., Patnaik A., Singh A., Chauhan R., Chandel S.S. Biosynthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using an endophytic fungal supernatant of Raphanus sativus. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 2017;15:31–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.04.005. PubMed DOI PMC

Masum M.I., Siddiqa M.M., Ali K.A., Zhang Y., Abdallah Y., Ibrahim E., Qiu W., Yan C., Li B. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract and Its Inhibitory Action Against the Pathogen Acidovorax oryzae Strain RS-2 of Rice Bacterial Brown Stripe. Front. Microbiol. 2019;10:820. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00820. PubMed DOI PMC

Ashokraja C., Sakar M., Balakumar S. A perspective on the hemolytic activity of chemical and green-synthesized silver and silver oxide nanoparticles. Mater. Res. Express. 2017;4:105406. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa90f2. DOI

Tang S., Zheng J. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018;7:1701503. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201701503. PubMed DOI

Rai M.K., Deshmukh S.D., Ingle A.P., Gade A.K. Silver nanoparticles: The powerful nano weapon against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2012;112:841–852. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x. PubMed DOI

Ruden S., Hilpert K., Berditsch M., Wadhwani P., Ulrich A.S. Synergistic Interaction between Silver Nanoparticles and Membrane-Permeabilizing Antimicrobial Peptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3538–3540. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01106-08. PubMed DOI PMC

Gnanasekar S., Murugaraj J., Dhivyabharathi B., Krishnamoorthy V., Jha P.K., Seetharaman P., Sivaperumal S. Anti-bacterial and cytotoxicity effects of biogenic palladium nanoparticles synthesized using fruit extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. J. Appl. Biomed. 2018;16:59–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.10.001. DOI

Benelli G., Caselli A., Canale A. Nanoparticles for mosquito control: Challenges and constraints. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2017;29:424–435. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2016.08.006. DOI

Golubeva O.Y., Shamova O.V., Orlov D.S., Pazina T.Y., Boldina A.S., Kokryakov V.N. Study of antimicrobial and he-molytic activities of silver nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction. Glass Phys. Chem. 2010;36:628–634. doi: 10.1134/S1087659610050135. DOI

Gurunathan S., Jegadeesh R., Sri N.A.M., Priscilla A.J., Sabaratnam V. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: A potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013;8:4399–4413. PubMed PMC

Krishnaraj C., Muthukumaran P., Ramachandran R., Balakumaran M., Kalaichelvan P. Acalypha indica Linn: Biogenic synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effects against MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cells. Biotechnol. Rep. 2014;4:42–49. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.08.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Patil S., Chandrasekaran R. Biogenic nanoparticles: A comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 2020;18:67. doi: 10.1186/s43141-020-00081-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Prabakaran K., Ragavendran C., Natarajan D. Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Beauveria bassiana and its larvi-cidal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effect on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. RSC Adv. 2016;6:44972–44986. doi: 10.1039/C6RA08593H. DOI

Chen L.Q., Fang L., Ling J., Ding C.Z., Kang B., Huang C.Z. Nanotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles to Red Blood Cells: Size Dependent Adsorption, Uptake, and Hemolytic Activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2015;28:501–509. doi: 10.1021/tx500479m. PubMed DOI

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Polianthes tuberosa L. Floral Extract