Vaccination now offers a way to resolve the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is critical to recognise the full energy, environmental, economic and social equity (4E) impacts of the vaccination life cycle. The full 4E impacts include the design and trials, order management, material preparation, manufacturing, cold chain logistics, low-temperature storage, crowd management and end-of-life waste management. A life cycle perspective is necessary for sustainable vaccination management because a prolonged immunisation campaign for COVID-19 is likely. The impacts are geographically dispersed across sectors and regions, creating real and virtual 4E footprints that occur at different timescales. Decision-makers in industry and governments have to act, unify, resolve, and work together to implement more sustainable COVID-19 vaccination management globally and locally to minimise the 4E footprints. Potential practices include using renewable energy in production, storage, transportation and waste treatment, using better product design for packaging, using the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data analytics for better logistics, using real-time database management for better tracking of deliveries and public vaccination programmes, and using coordination platforms for more equitable vaccine access. These practices raise global challenges but suggest solutions with a 4E perspective, which could mitigate the impacts of global vaccination campaigns and prepare sustainably for future pandemics and global warming.

Chemical Engineering Department De La Salle University 2401 Taft Avenue 0922 Manila Philippines

Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Ireland

Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Business School Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China

Department of Systems Science Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore 138632 Singapore

James Watt School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ United Kingdom

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Queen's University Belfast Belfast BT9 5AH United Kingdom

Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory SPIL NETME Centre Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology VUT Brno Technická 2896 2 616 69 Brno Czech Republic

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