Two new species, Penicillium krskae (isolated from the air as a lab contaminant in Tulln (Austria, EU)) and Penicillium silybi (isolated as an endophyte from asymptomatic milk thistle (Silybum marianum) stems from Josephine County (Oregon, USA)) are described. The new taxa are well supported by phenotypic (especially conidial ornamentation under SEM, production of red exudate and red pigments), physiological (growth at 37 °C, response to cycloheximide and CREA), chemotaxonomic (production of specific extrolites), and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using RNA-polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), partial tubulin (benA), and calmodulin (CaM). Both new taxa are resolved within the section Exilicaulis in series Restricta and show phylogenetic affiliation to P. restrictum sensu stricto. They produce a large spectrum of toxic anthraquinoid pigments, namely, monomeric anthraquinones related to emodic and chloremodic acids and other interesting bioactive extrolites (i.e., endocrocin, paxilline, pestalotin, and 7-hydroxypestalotin). Of note, two bianthraquinones (i.e., skyrin and oxyskyrin) were detected in a culture extract of P. silybi. Two new chloroemodic acid derivatives (2-chloro-isorhodoptilometrin and 2-chloro-desmethyldermoquinone) isolated from the exudate of P. krskae ex-type culture were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Core Facility Bioactive Molecules Screening and Analysis University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln a d Donau Austria

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Culture Collection of Fungi Charles University Benátská 2 128 01 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402 USA

Department of Chemistry University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln a d Donau Austria

Fungal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology Institute of Microbial Genetics University of Natural Resurces and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln a d Donau Austria

Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro Metabolomics Department of Agrobiotechnology Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln a d Donau Austria

Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln a d Donau Austria

Unit of Food Microbiology Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health Institute of Food Safety Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinaerplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria

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