The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min-max: 1-13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

Animal Health and Production Unit National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research Oeiras Portugal

Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland Dungannon United Kingdom

Animal Health Care Flanders Torhout Belgium

Animal Health Department Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas University of León León Spain

Animal Health Department University of León León Spain

Animal Health Economics Department Veterinary Faculty of the University of Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Animal Health ETT Seinäjoki Finland

Animal Health Ireland Carrick on Shannon Ireland

Ausvet Europe Lyon France

Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals Section for Ruminants Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Clinic of Farm Animals Veterinary Faculty Aristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Complexity Science Hub Vienna Vienna Austria

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development Universidade de Évora Évora Portugal

Department of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences Agrarian School of Elvas Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre Portalegre Portugal

Department of Animal Environment and Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skara Sweden

Department of Animal Health NEIKER Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development Basque Research and Technology Alliance Derio Spain

Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology National Veterinary Institute Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany

Department of Epizootiology Parasitology and Protection of One Health University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy Kosice Slovakia

Department of Genetics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Tekirdag Namik Kemal University Tekirdag Turkey

Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Burdur Turkey

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Population Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands

Department of Population Studies Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Budapest Hungary

Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary University of Prishtina Hasan Prishtina Prishtina Albania

Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Veterinary Academy Kaunas Lithuania

Department of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Department of Virology Veterinary Faculty Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Epidemiology Research Unit Department of Veterinary and Animal Science Northern Faculty Scotland's Rural College Inverness United Kingdom

Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Skopje Macedonia

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Latvia University of Lifesciences and Technologies Jelgava Latvia

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca Cluj Napoca Romania

Farm and Animal Health Uppsala Sweden

Finnish Food Authority Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit Kuopio Finland

Friedrich Loeffler Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald Germany

INRAE Oniris BIOEPAR Nantes France

Institute for Genetic Resources University of Banja Luka Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina

Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria Struttura Complessa Territoriale 1 Verona e Vicenza Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie Vicenza Italy

Laboratory of Epidemiology Faculty of Public and One Health School of Health Sciences University of Thessaly Karditsa Greece

Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Madrid Spain

National Scientific Centre Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine Kharkiv Ukraine

National Veterinary Research Institute Pulawy Poland

Norwegian Food Safety Authority Oslo Norway

Podravka Food Industry Research and Development Koprivnica Croatia

Research and Development Institute for Bovine Balotesti Balotesti Romania

Royal GD Deventer Netherlands

School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom

School of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Sciensano Brussels Belgium

Section of Epidemiology Norwegian Veterinary Institute Oslo Norway

Section of Epidemiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland

State Veterinary Administration Prague Czechia

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Unit of Food Microbiology Institute for Food Safety Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria

Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate Ministry of Agriculture Zagreb Croatia

Veterinary Faculty Institute of Food Safety Feed and Environment University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Veterinary Faculty National Veterinary Institute University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Veterinary Public Health Institute Vetsuisse University of Bern Bern Switzerland

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Front Vet Sci. 2022 Apr 20;9:902559. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.902559. PubMed

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