Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland Dungannon Enterprise Centre Dungannon BT71 6JT UK

Animal Health Australia Turner ACT 2612 Australia

Animal Health Care Flanders 2500 Lier Belgium

Animal Health Ireland Carrick on Shannon Co Leitrim N41 WN27 Republic of Ireland

Animal Health Service Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund 07745 Jena Germany

ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan Plouzané Niort and GDS France CS 28440 79024 Niort Cedex France

Atlantic Veterinary College Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada

Biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Toowoomba Queensland 4350 Australia

Clinic for Obstetrics Gynecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance Justus Liebig University Giessen 35392 Giessen Germany

College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St Paul MN 55108 USA

Comparative Medical Research Institute Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 0856 Japan

DeerPRO Dunedin 9016 New Zealand

Deparment of Biotechnology GLA University Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281 406 India

Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea

Department of Population Medicine University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada

Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen DK 1870 Frederiksberg C Denmark

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

DILAB SENASA Martínez 1640 Buenos Aires Argentina

Disease Research Limited Invermay Agricultural Centre Mosgiel 9092 New Zealand

Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Antioquia 050034076 Colombia

Fachabteilung Gesundheit und Pflegemanagement 8010 Graz Austria

Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile 5090000 Valdivia Chile

Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México 76750 Tequisquiapan Queretaro Mexico

Facultad de Veterinaria Lasplaces 1620 CP 11600 Montevideo Uruguay

Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire University of Montreal Quebec J2S 6Z9 Canada

Faculty of Animal Science Veterinary Science and Fisheries Agriculture and Forestry University Rampur Chitwan Nepal

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Thessaly 43100 Karditsa Greece

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury 10 718 Olsztyn Poland

Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202 Bangladesh

Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa

Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office 3003 Bern Switzerland

Finnish Food Authority Mustialankatu 3 00790 Helsinki Finland

Friedrich Loeffler Institut Federal Research Institute of Animal Health 07743 Jena Germany

GD Animal Health 7400 AA Deventer The Netherlands

Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur University of Iceland IS 112 Reykjavík Iceland

Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis Universidad Central del Ecuador 17 03 100 Quito Ecuador

Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología City of Knowledge Panama City 0843 01103 Panama

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria 7620 Balcarce Argentina

Instituto Vasco de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario NEIKER 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 29027 Podenzano Italy

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Food and Environment ES 28071 Madrid Spain

Ministry of Health General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines 00144 Rome Italy

Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries CP 11400 Montevideo Uruguay

Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay CP 11300 Montevideo Uruguay

Moredun Research Institute Midlothian EH26 0PZ UK

National Centre for Animal Health Serbithang Bhutan

National Institute of Animal Health Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand

National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 0856 Japan

National Veterinary Institute SE 751 89 Uppsala Sweden

National Veterinary Institute Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Niedersächsische Tierseuchenkasse 30169 Hannover Germany

Norwegian Veterinary Institute N 0106 Oslo Norway

Oniris INRA Department Farm Animal Health and Public Health 44307 Nantes cedex 3 France

Regional Association for Animal Identification and Health 5590 Ciney Belgium

School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz 71441 69155 Iran

School of Veterinary Medicine The University of Zambia 10101 Lusaka Zambia

School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 1102 USA

School of Veterinary Science Faculty of Science University of Sydney 425 Werombi Road Camden NSW 2570 Australia

School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4441 New Zealand

Scotland's Rural College Edinburgh EH9 3JG UK

Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela

Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario 33300 Villaviciosa Asturias Spain

Swedish Farm and Animal Health 62254 Romakloster Sweden

USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Riverdale MD 20737 USA

Veterinary Department Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Minas Gerais 365700 900 Brazil

Veterinary Research Institute 621 00 Brno Czech Republic

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