Antimicrobial resistance genes can be found in all ecosystems, including those where antibiotic selective pressure has never been exerted. We investigated resistance genes in a collection of faecal samples of wildlife (non-human primates, mice), people and domestic animals (dogs, cats) in Côte d'Ivoire; in the chimpanzee research area of Taï National Park (TNP) and adjacent villages. Single bacteria isolates were collected from antibiotic-containing agar plates and subjected to molecular analysis to detect Enterobacteriaceae isolates with plasmid-mediated genes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). While the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the villages was 27% in people (n = 77) and 32% in dogs (n = 38), no ESBL-producer was found in wildlife of TNP (n = 75). PMQR genes, mainly represented by qnrS1, were also present in human- and dog-originating isolates from the villages (36% and 42% in people and dogs, respectively), but no qnrS has been found in the park. In TNP, different variants of qnrB were detected in Citrobacter freundii isolates originating non-human primates and mice. In conclusion, ESBL and PMQR genes frequently found in humans and domestic animals in the villages were rather exceptional in wildlife living in the protected area. Although people enter the park, the strict biosecurity levels they are obliged to follow probably impede transmission of bacteria between them and wildlife.

CEITEC VFU University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire

LANADA Laboratoire Nationale de la Pathologie Animale Bingerville Côte d'Ivoire

Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany

Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany; Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Research Center for Development Alassane Ouattara University University Teaching Hospital Bouaké Bouaké Côte d'Ivoire

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