Single-photon optogenetics enables precise, cell-type-specific modulation of neuronal circuits, making it a crucial tool in neuroscience. Its miniaturization in the form of fully implantable wide-field stimulator arrays enables long-term interrogation of cortical circuits and bears promise for brain-machine interfaces for sensory and motor function restoration. However, achieving selective activation of functional cortical representations poses a challenge, as studies show that targeted optogenetic stimulation results in activity spread beyond one functional domain. While recurrent network mechanisms contribute to activity spread, here we demonstrate with detailed simulations of isolated pyramidal neurons from cats of unknown sex that already neuron morphology causes a complex spread of optogenetic activity at the scale of one cortical column. Since the shape of a neuron impacts its optogenetic response, we find that a single stimulator at the cortical surface recruits a complex spatial distribution of neurons that can be inhomogeneous and vary with stimulation intensity and neuronal morphology across layers. We explore strategies to enhance stimulation precision, finding that optimizing stimulator optics may offer more significant improvements than the preferentially somatic expression of the opsin through genetic targeting. Our results indicate that, with the right optical setup, single-photon optogenetics can precisely activate isolated neurons at the scale of functional cortical domains spanning several hundred micrometers.

• MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   cytologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• optogenetika * metody   MeSH
• pyramidové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Since the 1960s, more than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the lives of humans and domestic animals. Many of them have become part of modern life and some are affecting nature as pollutants. Yet, our comprehension of their potential health risks for both humans and animals remains partial. The "epithelial barrier theory" suggests that genetic predisposition and exposure to diverse factors damaging the epithelial barriers contribute to the emergence of allergic and autoimmune conditions. Impaired epithelial barriers, microbial dysbiosis, and tissue inflammation have been observed in a high number of mucosal inflammatory, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases, many of which showed increased prevalence in the last decades. Pets, especially cats and dogs, share living spaces with humans and are exposed to household cleaners, personal care products, air pollutants, and microplastics. The utilisation of cosmetic products and food additives for pets is on the rise, unfortunately, accompanied by less rigorous safety regulations than those governing human products. In this review, we explore the implications of disruptions in epithelial barriers on the well-being of companion animals, drawing comparisons with humans, and endeavour to elucidate the spectrum of diseases that afflict them. In addition, future research areas with the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental well-being are highlighted in line with the "One Health" concept.

• MeSH
• domácí zvířata * imunologie   MeSH
• epitel imunologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The mammalian Natural Killer Complex (NKC) harbors genes and gene families encoding a variety of C-type lectin-like proteins expressed on various immune cells. The NKC is a complex genomic region well-characterized in mice, humans and domestic animals. The major limitations of automatic annotation of the NKC in non-model animals include short-read based sequencing, methods of assembling highly homologous and repetitive sequences, orthologues missing from reference databases and weak expression. In this situation, manual annotations of complex genomic regions are necessary. METHODS: This study presents a manual annotation of the genomic structure of the NKC region in a high-quality reference genome of the domestic cat and compares it with other felid species and with representatives of other carnivore families. Reference genomes of Carnivora, irrespective of sequencing and assembly methods, were screened by BLAST to retrieve information on their killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLR) gene content. Phylogenetic analysis of in silico translated proteins of expanded subfamilies was carried out. RESULTS: The overall genomic structure of the NKC in Carnivora is rather conservative in terms of its C-type lectin receptor gene content. A novel KLRH-like gene subfamily (KLRL) was identified in all Carnivora and a novel KLRJ-like gene was annotated in the Mustelidae. In all six families studied, one subfamily (KLRC) expanded and experienced pseudogenization. The KLRH gene subfamily expanded in all carnivore families except the Canidae. The KLRL gene subfamily expanded in carnivore families except the Felidae and Canidae, and in the Canidae it eroded to fragments. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the genomic structure and gene content of the NKC region is a prerequisite for accurate annotations of newly sequenced genomes, especially of endangered wildlife species. Identification of expressed genes, pseudogenes and gene fragments in the context of expanded gene families would allow the assessment of functionally important variability in particular species.

• MeSH
• anotace sekvence MeSH
• buňky NK * imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Carnivora * genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genom MeSH
• genomika * metody   MeSH
• kočky genetika   MeSH
• lektiny typu C genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Alergie na červené maso tzv. neprimátních savců bývá poměrně vzácnou diagnózou. Častějším nálezem je primární alergie na hovězí maso, asociovaná s alergií na bílkovinu kravského mléka, která se vyskytuje především v raném dětském věku. V 90. letech minulého století byly identifikovány dvě nové formy alergických reakcí na červené maso: pork-cat syndrom a alfa-gal syndrom, vyskytující se především v dospělém věku. U obou jednotek je častá zkřížená reaktivita v rámci savčích alergenů a riziko spočívá v tendenci vystupňování alergických reakcí až do fáze systémové alergické reakce. Vzhledem k tomu, že červené maso představuje podstatnou složku stravy, je přínosné vědět o existenci této zkřížené reaktivity a znát rizika následků konzumace těchto potravin.

Allergy to the red meat also called non-primate mammals is a relatively rare diagnosis. More frequent is a primary allergy to beef as- sociated with an allergy to cow’s milk protein, occurring mainly in early childhood. In the 1990s, 2 new forms of allergic reactions to red meat were identified, pork-cat syndrome and alpha-gal syndrome, occurring mainly in adults. In both units, there is a strong cross- -reactivity within mammalian allergens and the risk is in the tendency for aggravated allergic reactions up to anaphylaxis. Since red meat is an essential part of the diet, it is beneficial to know the risks of these diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• pork-cat syndrom, alfa-gal syndrom,
• MeSH
• alergeny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• alergie na mléko MeSH
• červené maso škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• galaktosa MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kousnutí klíštětem MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potravinová alergie * diagnóza   dietoterapie   MeSH
• zkřížené reakce MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a complex of tick species with an unsettled species concept. In Europe, R. sanguineus is considered mainly a Mediterranean tick with sporadic findings in central and northern Europe. R. sanguineus is known as a vector of a range of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, most of which not yet reported as autochthonous in Hungary. A total of 1839 ticks collected by veterinarians from dogs and cats were obtained in Hungary. The study aims at precise determination of ticks identified as R. sanguineus and detection of pathogens in collected ticks. All ticks were morphologically determined and 169 individuals were identified as R. sanguineus. A subset of 15 ticks was selected for molecular analysis (16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, COI). Phylogenetic analyses invariably placed sequences of all three markers into a single haplotype identified as R. sanguineus sensu stricto. All 169 brown dog ticks were tested for the presence of A. platys, E. canis, R. conorii, B. vogeli and H. canis. None of the investigated ticks was positive for the screened pathogens, though A. phagocytophilum sequence was detected in a single tick.

• MeSH
• Anaplasma * MeSH
• Ehrlichia canis izolace a purifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• infestace klíšťaty * veterinární   parazitologie   MeSH
• kočky parazitologie   MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty veterinární   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• nemoci psů * parazitologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• Rhipicephalus sanguineus * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Rickettsia conorii izolace a purifikace   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S analýza   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky parazitologie   MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to establish the incidence of dystocia in pedigree cat breeds and investigate mortality rates in kittens up to the age of 12 weeks. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted that utilised convenience sampling. Registered cat breeders from 29 countries whose cats had given birth within a single year (2019) were asked to complete an online questionnaire. This study is the third in a series over 30 years that have assessed changes in birth-related statistics in cat breeds. RESULTS: Data were collected from 448 breeders on 853 litters, with 3560 live-born kittens from 45 pedigree breeds (as per the queens' breed). The incidence of dystocia that required veterinary intervention was 14.9% and varied by breed (range 0-22.2%). Caesarean section was required for 10.7% of litters, most commonly in Cornish Rex cats. Despite apparent breed variation, there was no statistically significant difference among breeds. Queens aged over 5 years and litters of more than six kittens were associated with a reduced risk of dystocia, whereas a longer gestation period increased the risk. Bengal cats had the highest cumulative kitten mortality up to the age of 12 weeks (23.4%). Significant breed differences (P <0.001) were noted, with Ragdoll and Norwegian Forest Cats having lower litter mortality compared with Bengal and British Shorthair/Longhair cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The incidence of dystocia in pedigree cats was higher than the historical values for non-pedigree and pedigree cats. The age of the queen, gestation length and litter size affected the incidence of dystocia. Kitten mortality was affected by the requirement for caesarean section, presence of birth defects and breed.

• MeSH
• dystokie * veterinární   mortalita   genetika   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• nemoci koček * mortalita   genetika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rodokmen * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dvaja približne 5 mesačné samce mainskej mývalej mačky, ktorí boli na našu kliniku privezení z dôvodu príznakov postihnutia centrálnej nervovej sústavy, boli obaja na základe výsledkov magnetickej rezonancie a pozitívnej prítomnosti koronavírusu v mozgomiešnom moku diagnostikovaní s neurologickou formou infekčnej felinnej peritonitídy. Po nasadení niekoľkomesačné terapie analógom remdesiviru gS441524 došlo u oboch k úplnému vymiznutiu príznakov a úspešnosť liečby preukázali rovnako aj kontrolné vyšetrenia pred jej vysadením.

Two five-month-old males of maincoon cat were presented to our clinic with signs of central nervous system disease. According to the results of magnetic resonance imaging and positive PCR test for coronavirus in cerebrospinal fluid, they were diagnosed with neurological form of feline infectious peritonitis. In both cases the neurological signs resolved after initiation of therapy with remdesivir analog gS441524 and the success of the treatment was also proven by control test and examination before discontinuation of therapy.

• MeSH
• antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• centrální nervový systém patologie   MeSH
• infekční peritonitida koček * diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• koronavirus koček MeSH
• spinální punkce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Osteoartritida (OA) je progresivně bolestivé onemocnění charakterizované degradací kloubní chrupavky se ztrátou proteoglykanu a kolagenu, sklerózou subchondrální kosti, periartikulární proliferací nové kosti a chronickým zánětem synoviálních membrán. Patogeneze osteoartritidy u psů zahrnuje genetické a environmentální faktory, které vyvolávají nebo urychlují poškození chrupavky a podporují degenerativní změny. Nadměrná tělesná hmotnost je rizikovým faktorem pro vznik osteoartritidy u psů. Obezita může vést k osteoartritidě v důsledku nadměrné zátěže působící na klouby a kloubní chrupavky. Osteoartritidu nelze vyléčit; cílem je zmírnění bolesti prostřednictvím omezení zánětlivých reakcí a dalšího odbourávání chrupavky. Regulace hmotnosti je při léčbě osteoartritidy prospěšná. Po dlouhou dobu byla souvislost osteoartritidy s výživou v medicíně malých zvířat středem pozornosti. Odhaduje se, že osteoartritida postihuje přibližně 20 % psů ve věku ≥ 1 rok a 90 % psů ve věku > 5 let. Kočky jsou osteoartritidou postiženy podobně, prevalence se pohybuje od 16,5 % do 91 % a s věkem se zvyšuje. Vzhledem k uváděné vysoké prevalenci je možné, že u společenských zvířat může být osteoartritida a s ní spojená bolest nediagnostikována a zůstává nepovšimnuta. Zejména kočky nemusí vykazovat klinické příznaky typické pro osteoartritidu; i nenápadné změny v chování kočky v domácnosti mohou být způsobeny bolestí spojenou s osteoartritidou.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively painful disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation with loss of proteoglycan and collagen, subchondral bone sclerosis, periarticular proliferation of new bone, and chronic inflammation of synovial membranes. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in dogs involves genetic factors and environmental factors that elicit or accelerate cartilage damage, promoting degenerative changes. Excessive body weight is a risk factor for development of osteoarthritis in canines. Obesity may result in osteoarthritis as a result of excess forces placed on joints and articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis cannot be cured and aims at the relief of pain through reduction of inflammatory reactions and further breakdown of cartilage. Weight management is beneficial in the management of osteoarthritis. Over a long period of time, the association of osteoarthritis with nutrition in small animal medicine has been a center of study. Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect approximately 20 % of dogs ≥ 1 year of age and 90 % of dogs > 5 years of age. Cats are similarly affected by osteoarthritis, with prevalences ranging from 16.5 % to 91 % and increasing with age. given the high prevalences reported, it is possible that companion animals may have undiagnosed osteoarthritis and the associated pain that goes unnoticed. Cats in particular may not show clinical signs typically associated with osteoarthritis, and even subtle changes in a cat’s behavior at home may be caused by osteoarthritis-associated pain.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chondroitin sulfáty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• glukosamin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kyselina hyaluronová terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-3 terapeutické užití   MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• osteoartróza * diagnóza   terapie   veterinární   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• redukční dieta MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Poruchy činnosti štítné žlázy patří mezi významná endokrinní onemocnění psů a koček. Zatímco u psů převládá spíše její snížená činnost, hypotyreóza, u koček se setkáváme převážně s hypertyreózou, která je u nich v současné době nejvíce rozšířenou endokrinopatií. Jedná se o onemocnění, které má vzrůstající tendenci. Článek se zabývá hypertyreózou koček se zaměřením na nutriční management a rizikové faktory v krmivech a okolním prostředí. U pacientů s diagnostikovanou hypertyreózou je třeba vždy na prvním místě dosáhnout omezení nadprodukce hormonů štítné žlázy pomocí dobře zvolené terapie. Jednou z možností je i speciální dieta se sníženým obsahem jodu. Po získání kontroly nad produkcí hormonů je třeba dále zajistit, aby se kočka díky správně nastavené výživě dostala do optimální tělesné kondice. Při výběru krmiv je vhodné se zaměřit také na obsah klíčových prvků jodu a selenu a brát v úvahu i riziko výskytu přírodních a chemických látek, které mohou nežádoucím způsobem ovlivňovat činnost štítné žlázy.

Dysfunction of the thyroid gland is one of the most important endocrine diseases in dogs and cats. While in dogs its reduced activity, hypothyroidism, is more prevalent, in cats we mainly encounter hyperthyroidism, which is currently the most widespread endocrinopathy among them. It is a disease that has an increasing tendency. The article deals with hyperthyroidism in cats with a focus on nutritional management and risk factors in feed and the surrounding environment. In patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, the first step is always to limit the overproduction of thyroid hormones by means of a well-chosen therapy. One option is a special diet with a reduced iodine content. After gaining control over the production of hormones, it is necessary to further ensure that the cat gets into optimal physical condition thanks to a properly adjusted diet. When choosing feed, it is also advisable to focus on the content of the key elements iodine and selenium and to take into account the risk of the occurrence of natural and chemical substances that can adversely affect the activity of the thyroid gland.

• MeSH
• dietoterapie metody   veterinární   MeSH
• hypertyreóza * dietoterapie   prevence a kontrola   terapie   veterinární   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
• nemoci koček * dietoterapie   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• nutriční nároky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted great interest in novel broad-spectrum antivirals, including perylene-related compounds. In the present study, we performed a structure-activity relationship analysis of a series of perylene derivatives, which comprised a large planar perylene residue, and structurally divergent polar groups connected to the perylene core by a rigid ethynyl or thiophene linker. Most of the tested compounds did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity towards multiple cell types susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and did not change the expressions of cellular stress-related genes under normal light conditions. These compounds showed nanomolar or sub-micromolar dose-dependent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and also suppressed the in vitro replication of feline coronavirus (FCoV), also termed feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Perylene compounds exhibited high affinity for liposomal and cellular membranes, and efficiently intercalated into the envelopes of SARS-CoV-2 virions, thereby blocking the viral-cell fusion machinery. Furthermore, the studied compounds were demonstrated to be potent photosensitizers, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities were considerably enhanced after irradiation with blue light. Our results indicated that photosensitization is the major mechanism underlying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of perylene derivatives, with these compounds completely losing their antiviral potency under red light. Overall, perylene-based compounds are broad-spectrum antivirals against multiple enveloped viruses, with antiviral action based on light-induced photochemical damage (ROS-mediated, likely singlet oxygen-mediated), causing impairment of viral membrane rheology.

• MeSH
• antivirové látky farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• perylen * farmakologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• singletový kyslík MeSH
• virion MeSH
• virový obal MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH