Invasive alien fishes have had pernicious ecological and economic impacts on both aquatic ecosystems and human societies. However, a comprehensive and collective assessment of their monetary costs is still lacking. In this study, we collected and reviewed reported data on the economic impacts of invasive alien fishes using InvaCost, the most comprehensive global database of invasion costs. We analysed how total (i.e. both observed and potential/predicted) and observed (i.e. empirically incurred only) costs of fish invasions are distributed geographically and temporally and assessed which socioeconomic sectors are most affected. Fish invasions have potentially caused the economic loss of at least US$37.08 billion (US2017 value) globally, from just 27 reported species. North America reported the highest costs (>85% of the total economic loss), followed by Europe, Oceania and Asia, with no costs yet reported from Africa or South America. Only 6.6% of the total reported costs were from invasive alien marine fish. The costs that were observed amounted to US$2.28 billion (6.1% of total costs), indicating that the costs of damage caused by invasive alien fishes are often extrapolated and/or difficult to quantify. Most of the observed costs were related to damage and resource losses (89%). Observed costs mainly affected public and social welfare (63%), with the remainder borne by fisheries, authorities and stakeholders through management actions, environmental, and mixed sectors. Total costs related to fish invasions have increased significantly over time, from

Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa USA

GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel 24105 Kiel Germany; School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast BT9 5DL United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries 14195 Berlin Germany

ISEM Univ Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD Montpellier France

Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Department of River Ecology and Conservation 63571 Gelnhausen Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses Zátiší 728 2 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic

Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Université de Caen Normandie Université des Antilles CNRS IRD Paris France

Université Paris Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique et Evolution 91405 Orsay France

Université Paris Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique et Evolution 91405 Orsay France; Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Université de Caen Normandie Université des Antilles CNRS IRD Paris France

University of Helsinki Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forest Sciences P O Box 27 00014 Helsinki Finland; Aalto University Department of Built Environment Water and Development Research Group Tietotie 1E FI 00076 Aalto Finland

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Policy Center Woods Hole MA 02543 United States; University of Southern Denmark Department of Sociology Environmental and Business Economics Esbjerg 6700 Denmark; Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Center for Marine Research Athens 164 52 Greece

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