The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)) is a serious pest of hardwood forests. In the search for an environmentally safe means of its control, we assessed the impact of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) from the seeds of three Apiaceae plants (anise Pimpinella anisum, dill Anethum graveolens, and fennel Foeniculum vulgare) on behavior, mortality, molting and nutritional physiology of gypsy moth larvae (GML). EOs efficacy was compared with commercial insecticide NeemAzal®-T/S (neem). The main compounds in the Eos were trans-anethole in anise; carvone, limonene, and α-phellandrene in dill; and trans-anethole and fenchone in fennel seed. At 1% EOs concentration, anise and fennel were better antifeedants and all three EOs were more toxic than neem. Neem was superior in delaying 2nd to 3rd larval molting. In the 4th instar, 0.5%, anise and fennel EOs decreased relative consumption rate more than neem, whereas all three EOs were more effective in reducing growth rate, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of food into body mass leading to higher metabolic costs to GML. Decrease in consumption and metabolic parameters compared to control GML confirmed that adverse effects of the EOs stem from both pre- and post-ingestive mechanisms. The results indicate the potential of three EOs to be used for gypsy moth control.

Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University Zemědělská 3 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade Kneza Višeslava 1 11030 Belgrade Serbia

Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković National Institute of Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Bulevar Despota Stefana 142 11060 Belgrade Serbia

Institute for Medicinal Plant Research Dr Josif Pančić Tadeuša Košćuška 1 11000 Belgrade Serbia

Institute for Multidisciplinary Research University of Belgrade Kneza Višeslava 1 11030 Belgrade Serbia

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