The early diagnosis of diseases plays a vital role in healthcare and the extension of human life. Graphene-based biosensors have boosted the early diagnosis of diseases by detecting and monitoring related biomarkers, providing a better understanding of various physiological and pathological processes. They have generated tremendous interest, made significant advances, and offered promising application prospects. In this paper, we discuss the background of graphene and biosensors, including the properties and functionalization of graphene and biosensors. Second, the significant technologies adopted by biosensors are discussed, such as field-effect transistors and electrochemical and optical methods. Subsequently, we highlight biosensors for detecting various biomarkers, including ions, small molecules, macromolecules, viruses, bacteria, and living human cells. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of graphene-based biosensors and related broad research interests are discussed.

Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01069 Germany

Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences M Curie Sklodowskiej 34 Zabrze 41 819 Poland

Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research University of Jinan Jinan 250022 Shandong China

College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China

Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany

Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany

Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01069 Germany

Institute of Environmental Technology VŠB Technical University of Ostrava 17 Listopadu 15 Ostrava 708 33 Czech Republic

Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China

Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden Dresden D 01171 Germany

School of Biological Science and Technology University of Jinan 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang Jinan 250022 Shandong China

State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Center of Bio and Micro Nano Functional Materials Shandong University 27 Shandanan Road Jinan 250100 China

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