Recent advancement in manipulation techniques of gut microbiota either ex vivo or in situ has broadened its plausible applicability for treating various diseases including cardiovascular disease. Several reports suggested that altering gut microbiota composition is an effective way to deal with issues associated with managing cardiovascular diseases. However, actual translation of gut microbiota manipulation-based techniques into cardiovascular-therapeutic approach is still questionable. This review summarized the evidence on challenges, opportunities, recent development, and future prospects of gut microbiota manipulation for targeting cardiovascular diseases. Initially, issues associated with current cardiovascular diseases treatment strategy, association of gut microbiota with cardiovascular disease, and its influence on cardiovascular drugs were discussed, followed by applicability of gut microbiota manipulation as a cardiovascular disease intervention strategy along with its challenges and future prospects. Despite the fact that the gut microbiota is rugged, interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, fecal virome transplantation, antibiotics, diet changes, and exercises could manipulate it. Advanced techniques like administration of engineered bacteriophages and bacteria could also be employed. Intensive exploration revealed that if sufficiently controlled approach and proper monitoring were applied, gut microbiota could provide a compelling answer for cardiovascular therapy.

Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Hail Hail KSA Saudi Arabia

Department of Pharmaceutics JSS College of Pharmacy JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy University of Hail Hail KSA Saudi Arabia

Department of Pharmacy Abbottabad University of Science and Technology Havelian Pakistan

Enzymoics 7 Peterlee Place NSW 2770 Hebersham Australia

King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Novel Global Community Educational Foundation Hebersham Australia

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