The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbours a highly complex ecosystem composed of a variety of micro- (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans) and macro-organisms (helminths). Although most microbiota research focuses on the variation of single gut components, the crosstalk between components is still poorly characterized, especially in hosts living under natural conditions. We investigated the gut micro-biodiversity (bacteria, fungi and helminths) of 158 individuals of two wild non-human primates, the Udzungwa red colobus (Procolobus gordonorum) and the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). These species have contrasting diets and lifestyles, but live sympatrically in both human-impacted and pristine forests in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Using non-invasive faecal pellets, helminths were identified using standard microscopy while bacteria and fungi were characterized by sequencing the V1-V3 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS1-ITS2 fragment for fungi. Our results show that both diversity and composition of bacteria and fungi are associated with variation in helminth presence. Although interactions differed by habitat type, in both primates we found that Strongyloides was negatively associated and Trichuris was positively associated with bacterial and fungal richness. To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies demonstrating an interaction between helminth and gut microbiota communities in wild non-human primates.

Biology Centre Institute of Parasitology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Computational Biology Research Unit Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach S Michele All'Adige Italy

Conservation Genetic Research Unit Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach S Michele All'Adige Italy

Department of Biology University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pathology and Parasitology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

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