Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web-based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2-D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied-weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life-history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny.

Abt Wirbellose Tiere Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern Bernastrasse 15 3005 Bern Switzerland

Agriculture and Agri Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K1A 0C6 Canada

Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

Cirad INRA UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016 F 34988 Montferrier sur Lez France

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A1 Canada

Department of Entomology Natural History Museum London SW7 5BD UK

Department of Entomology State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Rosenstein 1 70191 Stuttgart Germany

Department of Entomology Texas A and M University College Station TX 77843 USA

Department of Entomology University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA

Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada

Department of Zoology Charles University Vinicna 7 CZ 128 44 Praha 2 Czech Republic

Department of Zoology University of Cape Town Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 South Africa

Illinois Natural History Survey University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA

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Institute for Genome Sciences School of Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA

Natural History Department Iziko South African Museum PO Box 61 Cape Town 8000 South Africa

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Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kiev 30 01601 Ukraine

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Swedish Species Information Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences PO Box 7007 SE 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA ARS PSI c o National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20013 USA

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Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps

Fauna Europaea: Hymenoptera - Apocrita (excl. Ichneumonoidea)

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