Free radicals are crucial indicators for stress and appear in all kinds of pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infection. However, they are difficult to detect due to their reactivity and low abundance. We use relaxometry for the detection of radicals with subcellular resolution. This method is based on a fluorescent defect in a diamond, which changes its optical properties on the basis of the magnetic surroundings. This technique allows nanoscale MRI with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. Recently, this technique was used inside living cells from a cell line. Cell lines differ in terms of endocytic capability and radical production from primary cells derived from patients. Here we provide the first measurements of phagocytic radical production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) in primary dendritic cells from healthy donors. The radical production of these cells differs greatly between donors. We investigated the cell response to stimulation or inhibition.

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam 2 166 10 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

University of Groningen Department of Molecular Immunology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands

University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands

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