Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous organic structures with two- or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) features and composed of building blocks being connected via covalent bonds. The manifold applications of COFs in optoelectronic devices, energy conversion and storage, adsorption, separation, sensing, organocatalysis, photocatalysis, electrocatalytic reactions, and biomedicine are increasing because of their notable intrinsic features such as large surface area, porosity, designable structure, low density, crystallinity, biocompatibility, and high chemical stability. These properties have rendered 2D and 3D COF-based materials as desirable entities for drug delivery, gene delivery, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, combination therapy, biosensing, bioimaging, and anticancer activities. Herein, different reactions and methods for the synthesis of 2D and 3D COFs are reviewed with special emphasis on the construction and state-of-the-art progress pertaining to the biomedical applications of 2D and 3D COFs of varying shapes, sizes, and structures. Specifically, stimuli-responsive COFs-based systems and targeted drug delivery approaches are summarized.

Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Organic Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University G C Tehran 1983963113 Iran

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center Zanjan University of Medical Sciences 45139 46184 Zanjan Iran

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