Currently, pressure from industry to streamline processes by creating their simulation models, and thus to gradual digitization is increasing. The essence of representative simulation models of bulk materials is to understand the principles and laws of the real behavior of particles. The aim of this study is therefore to find and quantify the possibilities and principles of how particles can change their position relative to other particles. The possibilities of particle displacements were expressed using their specific trajectories and work ratios, or internal friction angle values. This created a new comprehensive model of the internal friction angle of particles independent of particle size. It enables the interpretation of the determined values of the angles of internal friction of particles and its application in the field of simulations of mass and process models. The model can be used to determine the basic composition of particles in volume and the dominant ways of their mutual displacements.

Department of Mechanical Chemical and Industrial Design Engineering Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Ronda de Valencia 3 28012 Madrid Spain

Department of Mining Engineering and Safety Faculty of Mining and Geology VSB TU Ostrava 17 listopadu 15 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

VSB TU Ostrava CEET ENET Centre Bulk Solids Centre 17 listopadu 15 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

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3D printed laboratory equipment to measure bulk materials in extreme conditions