Yeasts are ubiquitous in temperate forests. While this broad habitat is well-defined, the yeasts inhabiting it and their life cycles, niches, and contributions to ecosystem functioning are less understood. Yeasts are present on nearly all sampled substrates in temperate forests worldwide. They associate with soils, macroorganisms, and other habitats and no doubt contribute to broader ecosystem-wide processes. Researchers have gathered information leading to hypotheses about yeasts' niches and their life cycles based on physiological observations in the laboratory as well as genomic analyses, but the challenge remains to test these hypotheses in the forests themselves. Here, we summarize the habitat and global patterns of yeast diversity, give some information on a handful of well-studied temperate forest yeast genera, discuss the various strategies to isolate forest yeasts, and explain temperate forest yeasts' contributions to biotechnology. We close with a summary of the many future directions and outstanding questions facing researchers in temperate forest yeast ecology. Yeasts present an exciting opportunity to better understand the hidden world of microbial ecology in this threatened and global habitat.

Big Data Research Center Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan

Biology Department and Redpath Museum McGill University Montreal Québec Canada

Biology Department Wheaton College Norton Massachusetts USA

Biotechnical Faculty Department of Biology University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Biotechnical Faculty Food Science and Technology Department University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Center for Food Innovation DSM Food Specialties Delft The Netherlands

Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution University College London London UK

CNRS INSERM IRCAN Côte d'Azur University Nice France

Department of Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG University of Perugia Perugia Italy

Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Bioinformatics Faculty of Science and Engineering Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Engineering Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania USA

Department of Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Leibniz Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig Germany

Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis Davis California USA

Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Ascot UK

Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Georgia USA

Faculty of Chemistry and Biology Department of Biology University of Santiago de Chile Santiago Chile

Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biology ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Laboratory of Genetics Wisconsin Energy Institute DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Center for Genomic Science Innovation J F Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin USA

Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology Santiago Chile

PROTEO The Quebec Research Group on the Function Engineering and Applications of Proteins Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute Moscow Russia

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences

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