Altitudinal changes in the diversity of plants and animals have been well documented; however, soil animals received little attention in this context and it is unclear whether their diversity follows general altitudinal distribution patterns. Changbai Mountain is one of few well-conserved mountain regions comprising natural ecosystems on the Eurasian continent. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the diversity and community composition of Collembola along ten altitudinal sites representing five vegetation types from forest to alpine tundra. Among 7834 Collembola individuals, 84 morphospecies were identified. Species richness varied marginally significant with altitude and generally followed a unimodal relationship with altitude. By contrast, the density of Collembola did not change in a consistent way with altitude. Collembola communities changed gradually with altitude, with local habitat-related factors (soil and litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, litter carbon content, and soil pH) and climatic variables (precipitation seasonality) identified as major drivers of changes in Collembola community composition. Notably, local habitat-related factors explained more variation in Collembola assemblages than climatic variables. The results suggest that local habitat-related factors including precipitation and temperature are the main drivers of changes in Collembola communities with altitude. Specifically, soil and litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio correlated positively with Collembola communities at high altitudes, whereas soil pH correlated positively at low altitudes. This documents that altitudinal gradients provide unique opportunities for identifying factors driving the community composition of not only above- but also belowground invertebrates.

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Biology České Budějovice Czech Republic

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

J F Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China

Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China

Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun China

Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China

Moscow State Pedagogical University Moscow Russia

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

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Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure