BACKGROUND: No North-American study tested the survival benefit of chemotherapy in de novo metastatic prostate cancer according to race/ethnicity. We addressed this void. METHODS: We identified de novo metastatic prostate cancer patients within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2014-2015). Separate and specific Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression models tested for overall survival differences between chemotherapy-exposed versus chemotherapy-naïve patients in four race/ethnicity groups: Caucasian versus African-American versus Hispanic/Latino vs Asian. Race/ethnicity specific propensity score matching was applied. Here, additional landmark analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 4232 de novo metastatic prostate cancer patients, 2690 (63.3%) were Caucasian versus 783 (18.5%) African-American versus 504 (11.8%) Hispanic/Latino versus 257 (6.1%) Asian. Chemotherapy rates were: 21.3% versus 20.8% versus 21.0% versus 20.2% for Caucasians versus African-Americans versus Hispanic/Latinos versus Asians, respectively. At 30 months of follow-up, overall survival rates between chemotherapy-exposed versus chemotherapy-naïve patients were 61.5 versus 53.2% (multivariable hazard ratio [mHR]: 0.76, 95 confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.92, p = 0.004) in Caucasians, 55.2 versus 51.6% (mHR: 0.76, 95 CI: 0.54-1.07, p = 0.11) in African-Americans, 62.8 versus 57.0% (mHR: 1.11, 95 CI: 0.73-1.71, p = 0.61) in Hispanic/Latinos and 77.7 versus 65.0% (mHR: 0.31, 95 CI: 0.11-0.89, p = 0.03) in Asians. Virtually the same findings were recorded after propensity score matching within each race/ethnicity group. CONCLUSIONS: Caucasian and Asian de novo metastatic prostate cancer patients exhibit the greatest overall survival benefit from chemotherapy exposure. Conversely, no overall survival benefit from chemotherapy exposure could be identified in either African-Americans or Hispanic/Latinos. Further studies are clearly needed to address these race/ethnicity specific disparities.

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit Division of Urology University of Montréal Health Center Montréal Québec Canada

Department of Maternal Child and Urological Sciences Sapienza Rome University Policlinico Umberto 1 Hospital Rome Italy

Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences University of Genova Genova Italy

Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Urology Koc University Hospital Istanbul Turkey

Department of Urology University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Department of Urology University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas USA

Department of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York City New York USA

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan

Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health 1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Martini Klinik Prostate Cancer Center University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Unit of Urology Division of Experimental Oncology URI Urological Research Institute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy

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