Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems
Language English Country Great Britain, England Media print-electronic
Document type Journal Article, Systematic Review, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PubMed
35315207
PubMed Central
PMC9545027
DOI
10.1111/brv.12851
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- Keywords
- biospeleology, cave, climate change, conservation biology, ecosystem management, extinction risk, groundwater, legislation, pollution, subterranean biology,
- MeSH
- Biodiversity * MeSH
- Ecology MeSH
- Ecosystem * MeSH
- Caves MeSH
- Fresh Water MeSH
- Conservation of Natural Resources methods MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Systematic Review MeSH
Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
Bennelongia Environmental Consultants 5 Bishop Street Jolimont WA 6014 Australia
Croatian Biospeleological Society Rooseveltov Trg 6 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
Departament of Ecology and Hidrology University of Murcia Murcia 30100 Spain
Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University 57 Oxbow Trail Athens OH 45701 U S A
Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology Clinicilor 5 Cluj Napoca 400006 Romania
Hawaii Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu Hawaii U S A
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Thalassocosmos Gournes Crete 71500 Greece
Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre CAS Na Sádkách 702 7 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic
Molecular Ecology Group Largo Tonolli 50 Verbania Pallanza 28922 Italy
Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Saturn 24 26 Cluj Napoca 400504 Romania
Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička cesta 54 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
UNESCO Chair on Karst Education University of Nova Gorica Glavni trg 8 Vipava 5271 Slovenia
ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute Novi trg 2 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
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