Phylogenetic relationships and the timing of evolutionary events are essential for understanding evolution on longer time scales. Cheilostome bryozoans are a group of ubiquitous, species-rich, marine colonial organisms with an excellent fossil record but lack phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular data. We present genome-skimmed data for 395 cheilostomes and combine these with 315 published sequences to infer relationships and the timing of key events among c. 500 cheilostome species. We find that named cheilostome genera and species are phylogenetically coherent, rendering fossil or contemporary specimens readily delimited using only skeletal morphology. Our phylogeny shows that parental care in the form of brooding evolved several times independently but was never lost in cheilostomes. Our fossil calibration, robust to varied assumptions, indicates that the cheilostome lineage and parental care therein could have Paleozoic origins, much older than the first known fossil record of cheilostomes in the Late Jurassic.

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University Arcata CA USA

Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Department of Geography Technical University of Liberec Liberec Czech Republic

Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russia

Department of Marine Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Palaeontology Faculty of Earth Sciences Geography and Astronomy University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Research and Exhibitions Iziko Museums of South Africa Cape Town South Africa

Department of Zoology Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil

Florida Museum of Natural History Gainesville FL USA

Geoscience Collections Oberösterreichische Landes Kultur GmbH Linz Austria

GeoZentrum Nordbayern Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg Erlangen Germany

Institute of Marine Sciences Barcelona Spain

Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences Sopot Poland

International Centre for Island Technology Heriot Watt University Stromness UK

Marine Biological Association of the UK Plymouth UK

Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Museum of Tropical Queensland Townsville Australia

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington New Zealand

Natural History Museum London UK

Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway

School of Marine Biosciences Kitasato University Kanagawa Japan

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center TIburon CA USA

Station marine d'Endoume OSU Pytheas MIO GIS Posidonie Université Aix Marseille Marseille France

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doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9344 PubMed

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