The toxic mechanisms of trichothecenes, including T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), are closely related with their effects on protein synthesis. Increasing lines of evidence show that T-2 toxin can reduce the levels of tight junction proteins, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by disrupting cellular barriers and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) and Nrf2/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathways. Moreover, it can inhibit aggrecan synthesis, thus causing Kashin-Beck disease. Regarding type B trichothecene, DON inhibits activation marker and β-catenin synthesis by acting on immune cells and the wingless/integrated (Wnt) pathway; it also inhibits cell proliferation and immune surveillance. In addition, DON has been shown to destroy tight junctions, glucose transport, and tumor endothelial marker 8, thus disturbing intestinal function and changing cell migration. This review summarizes the inhibitory effects of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and DON on different protein synthesis, while discussing their underlying mechanisms. Focus is given to the effects of these toxins on tight junctions, aggrecan, activation markers, and hormones including testosterone under the influence of steroidogenic enzymes. This review can extend the current understanding of the effects of trichothecenes on protein synthesis and help to further understand their toxic mechanisms.

College of Life Science Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China

College of Life Science Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China; Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové 50003 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové 50003 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové 50003 Hradec Králové Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China; Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové 50003 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 China

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