Pine seeds are considered as nonwood forest products (NWFP) with regularly increasing market's demand. They can be eaten in various ways such as roasted or raw. In addition, they are included in various traditional dishes like in cookies, sauces, candies, cakes, breads, and other bakery items and, moreover, for medicinal purposes. GC-MS study is performed to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in the seed extracts of Pinus roxburghii (Chir) and Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza). In total, 25 compounds were identified each in Chir and Chilgoza. In Chir seeds, abundantly present compounds were 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (16.6%), followed by ç-Terpinene (9.9%) and cyclohexanol, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1à,3à,4á) (9.8%), whereas in Chilgoza seeds, the maximum amount of compound was 1-hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane (17.3%), followed by phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (15.4%), and heptadecane, 2-methyl (8.4%). The total phenolic content of Chir seed sample was 1536 ± 4.35 (mg GAE/100 g), whereas in the Chilgoza seed extract was 642.66 ± 2.08 (mg GAE/100 g). The application of RP-HPLC-DAD system revealed that Chir and Chilgoza seeds have maximum quantity of catechin (15.77 ± 0.16 μg/mg and 17.49 ± 0.32 μg/mg, respectively). Both Chir and Chilgoza seed extracts exhibited significant antioxidant (radical scavenging) potential, through H2O2 (618.94 ± 21.45 μg/mL and 575.16 ± 19.88 μg/mL) and DPPH (552.60 ± 13.03 μg/mL and 429.15 ± 3.80 μg/mL) assays, respectively. Additionally, a well-known antibacterial potential was also found in both plants' dichloromethane extracts, with 64 to 256 μg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentrations. As a whole, result shows the importance of both plants as a naturally occurring phytochemical source with significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

CESPU Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde Rua Central de Gandra 1317 4585 116 Gandra PRD Portugal

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Faculty of Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005 India

Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology 81237 Bratislava Slovakia

Faculty of Medicine University of Porto 4200 319 Porto Portugal

Institute for Research and Innovation in Health University of Porto 4200 135 Porto Portugal

School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

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