This paper aims to evaluate detection algorithms for perimeter security systems based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). Our own designed and developed sensor system was used for the measurement. The main application of the system is in the area the perimeter fencing intrusion detection. The system is unique thanks to the developed motherboard, which contains a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that takes care of signal processing. This allows the entire system to be integrated into a 1U rack chassis. A polygon containing two different fence types and also cable laid underground in a plastic tube was used for testing. Edge detection algorithms using the Sobel and Prewitt operators are considered for post-processing. The comparison is made based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values calculated for each event. Results of algorithms based on edge detection methods are compared with the conventional differential method commonly used in Φ-OTDR systems.

Czech Optical Solutions s r o Vavrečkova 5262 76001 Zlín Czech Republic

Department of Telecommunications Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications Brno University of Technology Technická 12 61600 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Richards W.L., Parker A.R., Jr., Ko W.L., Piazza A., Chan P. Application of Fiber Optic Instrumentation (Validation des Systemes D’Instrumentation a Fibres Optiques) Nato Research and Technology Organization; Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France: 2012. Technical Report.

Liu Y., Wang Y., Yang D., Wu J., Zhang T., Yu D., Zhenan J., Fu H. Hollow-Core Fiber-Based All-Fiber FPI Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Air Pressure and Temperature. IEEE Sens. J. 2019;19:11236–11241. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2934738. DOI

Pan X., Dong Y., Zheng J., Wen J., Pang F., Chen Z., Shang Y., Wang T. Enhanced FBG Temperature Sensitivity in PbS-Doped Silica Optical Fiber. J. Light. Technol. 2019;37:4902–4907. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2937138. DOI

Cherukupalli S., Anders G.J. Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing and Dynamic Rating of Power Cables. Wiley-IEEE Press; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2020. Distributed fiber optic sensing; pp. 20–25. DOI

Lu P., Lalam N., Badar M., Liu B., Chorpening B.T., Buric M.P., Ohodnicki P.R. Distributed optical fiber sensing: Review and perspective. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2019;6:041302. doi: 10.1063/1.5113955. DOI

Campanella C.E., Cuccovillo A., Campanella C., Yurt A., Passaro V.M.N. Fibre Bragg Grating Based Strain Sensors: Review of Technology and Applications. Sensors. 2018;18:3115. doi: 10.3390/s18093115. PubMed DOI PMC

Ding Z., Wang C., Liu K., Jiang J., Yang D., Pan G., Pu Z., Liu T. Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry: A review. Sensors. 2018;18:1072. doi: 10.3390/s18041072. PubMed DOI PMC

Joe H., Yun H., Jo S., Jun M.B.G., Min B. A review on optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol. 2018;5:173–191. doi: 10.1007/s40684-018-0017-6. DOI

Záviška P., Dejdar P., Münster P. Comparison of image edge detection methods for intruder detection in a phase-sensitive OTDR system; Proceedings of the 2021 13th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT); Brno, Czech Republic. 25–27 October 2021; pp. 267–270. DOI

Shi J., Cui K., Wang H., Ren Z., Zhu R. An Interferometric Optical Fiber Perimeter Security System Based on Multi-Domain Feature Fusion and SVM. IEEE Sens. J. 2021;21:9194–9202. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3055346. DOI

Hsieh H., Hsu K.S., Jong T.L., Wang L. Multi-Zone Fiber-Optic Intrusion Detection System with Active Unbalanced Michelson Interferometer Used for Security of Each Defended Zone. IEEE Sens. J. 2020;20:1607–1618. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2946904. DOI

Huang X., Wang Y., Liu K., Liu T., Ma C., Tian M. High-Efficiency Endpoint Detection in Optical Fiber Perimeter Security. J. Light. Technol. 2016;34:5049–5055. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2016.2604865. DOI

Gu X., Wang T., Hou S., Peng J., Wang H., Xia Q. Multi-feature-based intrusion detection for optical fiber perimeter security system: A Case study; Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 17th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC); Berkeley, CA, USA. 16–18 July 2018; pp. 448–453. DOI

Lyu C., Huo Z., Liu Y., Cheng X., Jiang J., Alimasi A., Yang J., Su H. Robust Intrusion Events Recognition Methodology for Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Perimeter Security System. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2021;70:9505109. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2020.3048521. DOI

Sun Z., Liu K., Jiang J., Ma P., Xu Z., Guo H., Zhou Z., Liu T. Variational Mode Decomposition-Based Event Recognition in Perimeter Security Monitoring With Fiber Optic Vibration Sensor. IEEE Access. 2019;7:182580–182587. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959788. DOI

Lin B., Cheng J. Optical fiber bragg grating sensors for perimeter security applications; Proceedings of the 2018 11th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP); Budapest, Hungary. 18–20 July 2018; pp. 1–2. DOI

Liang Y., Chen H. Analysis on signal sensing principle of optical fiber device in airport perimeter security system; Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Communications (ISCEIC); Guangzhou, China. 7–9 August 2020; pp. 150–152. DOI

Wang M., Sun Z., Zhang F., Min L., Li S., Jiang S. Application research of FBG vibration sensor used for perimeter security; Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 3rd Optoelectronics Global Conference (OGC); Shenzhen, China. 4–7 September 2018; pp. 94–97. DOI

Chen Y., Zhou L.X., Liu H.L. A Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Perimeter Intrusion Localization Method Optimized by Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. IEEE Sens. J. 2018;18:1243–1249. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2773631. DOI

Wang C., Olson M., Sherman B., Dorjkhand N., Mehr J., Singh S. Enhanced buried perimeter protection using a fiber-optic target classification sensor; Proceedings of the 2018 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST); Montreal, QC, Canada. 22–25 October 2018; pp. 1–5. DOI

Meng H., Wang S., Gao C., Liu F. Research on Recognition Method of Railway Perimeter Intrusions Based on Φ-OTDROptical Fiber Sensing Technology. IEEE Sens. J. 2021;21:9852–9859. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3043193. DOI

Marie T.F.B., Bin Y., Dezhi H., Bowen A. Principle and Application State of Fully Distributed Fiber Optic Vibration Detection Technology Based on Φ-OTDR: A Review. IEEE Sens. J. 2021;21:16428–16442. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3081459. DOI

Lu Y., Zhu T., Chen L., Bao X. Distributed Vibration Sensor Based on Coherent Detection of Phase-OTDR. J. Light. Technol. 2010;28:3243–3249. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2010.2078798. DOI

Qin Z., Zhu T., Chen L., Bao X. High Sensitivity Distributed Vibration Sensor Based on Polarization-Maintaining Configurations of Phase-OTDR. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2011;23:1091–1093. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2011.2157337. DOI

Qin Z., Chen L., Bao X. Continuous wavelet transform for non-stationary vibration detection with phase-OTDR. Opt. Express. 2012;20:20459–20465. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.020459. PubMed DOI

Qin Z., Chen L., Bao X. Wavelet Denoising Method for Improving Detection Performance of Distributed Vibration Sensor. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2012;24:542–544. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2011.2182643. DOI

Wu H., Xiao S., Li X., Wang Z., Xu J., Rao Y. Separation and Determination of the Disturbing Signals in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) J. Light. Technol. 2015;33:3156–3162. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2421953. DOI

Qin Z., Chen H., Chang J. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry Systems. Sensors. 2017;17:1870. doi: 10.3390/s17081870. PubMed DOI PMC

Shi Y., Feng H., Zeng Z. A Long Distance Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometer with Simple Structure and High Locating Accuracy. Sensors. 2015;15:21957–21970. doi: 10.3390/s150921957. PubMed DOI PMC

Qin Z., Chen H., Chang J. Detection Performance Improvement of Distributed Vibration Sensor Based on Curvelet Denoising Method. Sensors. 2017;17:1380. doi: 10.3390/s17061380. PubMed DOI PMC

Jiang F., Li H., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang X. Localization and Discrimination of the Perturbation Signals in Fiber Distributed Acoustic Sensing Systems Using Spatial Average Kurtosis. Sensors. 2018;18:2839. doi: 10.3390/s18092839. PubMed DOI PMC

Yue H., Zhang B., Wu Y., Zhao B., Li J., Ou Z., Liu Y. Simultaneous and signal-to-noise ratio enhancement extraction of vibration location and frequency information in phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry distributed sensing system. Opt. Eng. 2015;54:047101. doi: 10.1117/1.OE.54.4.047101. DOI

Shi Y., Feng H., Huang Y., Zeng Z. Correlation dimension locating method for phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry. Opt. Eng. 2016;55:091402. doi: 10.1117/1.OE.55.9.091402. DOI

Zhu T., Xiao X., He Q., Diao D. Enhancement of SNR and Spatial Resolution in Φ-OTDR System by Using Two-Dimensional Edge Detection Method. J. Light. Technol. 2013;31:2851–2856. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2013.2273553. DOI

Wang Y., Jin B., Wang Y., Wang D., Liu X., Bai Q. Real-Time Distributed Vibration Monitoring System Using Φ-OTDR. IEEE Sens. J. 2017;17:1333–1341. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2016.2642221. DOI

He H., Shao L., Li H., Pan W., Luo B., Zou X., Yan L. SNR Enhancement in Phase-Sensitive OTDR with Adaptive 2-D Bilateral Filtering Algorithm. IEEE Photonics J. 2017;9:6802610. doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2700894. DOI

Zinsou R., Liu X., Wang Y., Zhang J., Wang Y., Jin B. Recent Progress in the Performance Enhancement of Phase-Sensitive OTDR Vibration Sensing Systems. Sensors. 2019;19:1709. doi: 10.3390/s19071709. PubMed DOI PMC

Franciscangelis C., Margulis W., Kjellberg L., Soderquist I., Fruett F. Real-time distributed fiber microphone based on phase-OTDR. Opt. Express. 2016;24:29597–29602. doi: 10.1364/OE.24.029597. PubMed DOI

Jason J., Popov S.M., Butov O.V., Chamorovskiy Y.K., Golant K.M., Fotiadi A.A., Wuilpart M. Sensitivity of high Rayleigh scattering fiber in acoustic/vibration sensing using phase-OTDR; Proceedings of the SPIE 2018; San Jose, CA, USA. 25 February–1 March 2018; pp. 276–285. DOI

Iida D., Toge K., Manabe T. Distributed measurement of acoustic vibration location with frequency multiplexed phase-OTDR. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2017;36:19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.yofte.2017.02.005. DOI

Shang Y., Wang C., Liu X.-H., Wang C., Peng G.-D. Phase-OTDR based on space difference of Rayleigh backscattering; Proceedings of the 2016 15th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN); Hangzhou, China. 24–27 September 2016; pp. 1–3. DOI

Li G., Zeng K., Zhou B., Yang W., Lin X., Wang F., Chen Y., Ji X., Zheng D., Mao B.M. Vibration monitoring for the West-East Gas Pipeline Project of China by phase optical time domain reflectometry (phase-OTDR) Instrum. Sci. Technol. 2021;49:65–80. doi: 10.1080/10739149.2020.1780253. DOI

Tomboza W., Guerrier S., Awwad E., Dorize C. High Sensitivity Differential Phase OTDR for Acoustic Signals Detection. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2021;33:645–648. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2021.3084557. DOI

Filograno M.L. A Low-Cost Phase-OTDR System for Structural Health Monitoring: Design and Instrumentation. Instruments. 2019;3:46. doi: 10.3390/instruments3030046. DOI

Personick S.D. Photon probe—An optical-fiber time-domain reflectometer. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 1977;56:355–366. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1977.tb00513.x. DOI

Nelson M.A., Davies T.J., Lyons P.B., Golob J.E., Looney L.D. A Fiber Optic Time Domain Reflectometer. Opt. Eng. 1979;18:180105. doi: 10.1117/12.7972311. DOI

Aoyama K., Nakagawa K., Itoh T. Optical time domain reflectometry in a single-mode fiber. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1981;17:862–868. doi: 10.1109/JQE.1981.1071237. DOI

Taylor H.F., Lee C.E. Apparatus And Method For Fiber Optic Intrusion Sensing. US5194847A. U.S. Patent. 1993 March 16;

Fernández-Ruiz M.R., Costa L., Martins H.F. Distributed Acoustic Sensing Using Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive OTDR Technology. Sensors. 2019;19:4368. doi: 10.3390/s19204368. PubMed DOI PMC

Rao Y., Wang Z., Wu H., Ran Z., Han B. Recent Advances in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) Photonic Sens. 2021;11:1–30. doi: 10.1007/s13320-021-0619-4. DOI

Dejdar P., Valach S., Munster P. Design and development of FPGA-based card for data acquisition and processing for use in fiber optics perimeter security systems; Proceedings of the 2021 13th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT); Brno, Czech Republic. 25–27 October 2021; pp. 259–262. DOI

Classification of Events Violating the Safety of Physical Layers in Fiber-Optic Network Infrastructures