Identification of ecosystem services, i.e. the contributions that ecosystems make to human well-being, has proven instrumental in galvanising public and political support for safeguarding biodiversity and its benefits to people. Here we synthesise the global evidence on ecosystem services provided and disrupted by freshwater bivalves, a heterogenous group of >1200 species, including some of the most threatened (in Unionida) and invasive (e.g. Dreissena polymorpha) taxa globally. Our systematic literature review resulted in a data set of 904 records from 69 countries relating to 24 classes of provisioning (N = 189), cultural (N = 491) and regulating (N = 224) services following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). Prominent ecosystem services included (i) the provisioning of food, materials and medicinal products, (ii) knowledge acquisition (e.g. on water quality, past environments and historical societies), ornamental and other cultural contributions, and (iii) the filtration, sequestration, storage and/or transformation of biological and physico-chemical water properties. About 9% of records provided evidence for the disruption rather than provision of ecosystem services. Synergies and trade-offs of ecosystem services were observed. For instance, water filtration by freshwater bivalves can be beneficial for the cultural service 'biomonitoring', while negatively or positively affecting food consumption or human recreation. Our evidence base spanned a total of 91 genera and 191 species, dominated by Unionida (55% of records, 76% of species), Veneroida (21 and 9%, respectively; mainly Corbicula spp.) and Myoida (20 and 4%, respectively; mainly Dreissena spp.). About one third of records, predominantly from Europe and the Americas, related to species that were non-native to the country of study. The majority of records originated from Asia (35%), with available evidence for 23 CICES classes, as well as Europe (29%) and North America (23%), where research was largely focused on 'biomonitoring'. Whilst the earliest record (from 1949) originated from North America, since 2000, annual output of records has increased rapidly in Asia and Europe. Future research should focus on filling gaps in knowledge in lesser-studied regions, including Africa and South America, and should look to provide a quantitative valuation of the socio-economic costs and benefits of ecosystem services shaped by freshwater bivalves.

BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land Planning CIBIO Campus de Vairão 4485 661 Vairão Portugal

blattfisch e U Consultants in Aquatic Ecology and Engineering Gabelsbergerstraße 7 4600 Wels Austria

CBMA Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology Department of Biology University of Minho Campus Gualtar 4710 057 Braga Portugal

CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Campus de Vairão Universidade do Porto 4485 661 Vairão Portugal

CNR IRSA Water Research Institute Corso Tonolli 50 28922 Verbania Pallanza Italy

Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto 4099 002 Porto Portugal

Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal Facultade de Bioloxía Universidade de Vigo Campus As Lagoas Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain

Departamento de Engenharia Alimentar Instituto Superior de Engenharia and CCMAR Centre of Marine Sciences Universidade do Algarve Estr da Penha 8005 139 Faro Portugal

Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Viale delle Scienze 11 A 43124 Parma Italy

Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Biology Karlstad University Universitetsgatan 2 651 88 Karlstad Sweden

Department of Zoology and Fisheries Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK

Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa MARE Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Campo Grande 1749 016 Lisbon Portugal

Norwegian Institute of Nature Research Oslo Sognsveien 68 0855 Oslo Norway

School of Geography University of Nottingham University Park Sir Clive Granger Building NG7 2RD Nottingham UK

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Freshwater mussel conservation: A global horizon scan of emerging threats and opportunities