We identified 14 emerging and poorly understood threats and opportunities for addressing the global conservation of freshwater mussels over the next decade. A panel of 17 researchers and stakeholders from six continents submitted a total of 56 topics that were ranked and prioritized using a consensus-building Delphi technique. Our 14 priority topics fell into five broad themes (autecology, population dynamics, global stressors, global diversity, and ecosystem services) and included understanding diets throughout mussel life history; identifying the drivers of population declines; defining metrics for quantifying mussel health; assessing the role of predators, parasites, and disease; informed guidance on the risks and opportunities for captive breeding and translocations; the loss of mussel-fish co-evolutionary relationships; assessing the effects of increasing surface water changes; understanding the effects of sand and aggregate mining; understanding the effects of drug pollution and other emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials; appreciating the threats and opportunities arising from river restoration; conserving understudied hotspots by building local capacity through the principles of decolonization; identifying appropriate taxonomic units for conservation; improved quantification of the ecosystem services provided by mussels; and understanding how many mussels are enough to provide these services. Solutions for addressing the topics ranged from ecological studies to technological advances and socio-political engagement. Prioritization of our topics can help to drive a proactive approach to the conservation of this declining group which provides a multitude of important ecosystem services.

Aquatic Ecology Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Aquatic Systems Biology Unit Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia

Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York USA

CBMA Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology Department of Biology University of Minho Braga Portugal

Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Santa Cruz Unidad Académica San Julián Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral Santa Cruz Argentina

CIBIO InBIO BIOPOLIS Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto Vairão Portugal

CNR Water Research Institute Verbania Italy

Department of Aquatic Zoology Western Australian Museum Welshpool Western Australian Australia

Department of Freshwater Invertebrates Albany Museum Makhanda South Africa

Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Makhanda South Africa

Department of Zoology and Fisheries Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic

Graham Sustainability Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA

Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland

N Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia

Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia

Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA

School of Geography University of Nottingham Nottingham UK

Southern Research Station Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research U S Forest Service Frankfort Kentucky USA

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