BACKGROUND: Bentonites, as a clay mineral, serve in pig farms as adsorbents of toxic substances. They are mainly used to reduce the negative impact of mycotoxins to maintain the performance and health status of animals. The new genotypes of pigs are highly sensitive to a range of antinutrients, including mycotoxins. Currently, attention is focused on more effective adsorbents of mycotoxins with a higher adsorption capacity. Such materials are in great demand among feed manufacturers. However, there is a concern that these new materials may also adsorb too many essential nutrients and decrease animal performance. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of the new generation of purified bentonites on the efficiency and health status of the pigs. RESULTS: Forty-eight slaughtered pigs with an average weight of 31.2 ± 2.6 kg were included in the experiment. The pigs were divided into two groups (2 × 24 pigs). Pigs were slaughtered at an average weight of 66.3 ± 5.2. The first group had a diet without clay (control-C). The second group (treatment-T) was fed a diet with a clay additive (purified bentonite) of 1.5 kg/t. Animals were fed the experimental diet for 35 days. In group T, a higher daily weight gain (by 4.8%) and feed intake (by 2.9%) was observed while the feed conversion decreased by 1.9%. There were no significant differences between the groups of pigs during observation in the evaluation of hematological, biochemical parameters of the blood. Morpho-pathological analysis of the jejunum showed similar signs of moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the mucosa in the groups C and T, contained similar number of goblet cells. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the addition of the new generation of bentonite clays did not negatively influence the health status and the performance of pigs.

Department of Animal Breeding Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Palackeho trida 1946 1 Brno 61200 Czech Republic

Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Bio Sciences Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Sakrand 67210 Sindh Pakistan

Porcine Health Manag. 2022 Jul 25;8(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s40813-022-00276-9. PubMed

Zobrazit více v PubMed

D'Ascanio V, et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy assessment of a new bentonite based material acting as a multi-mycotoxin binder. Faseb J. 2021;35.

Subramaniam MD, Kim IH. Clays as dietary supplements for swine: a review. J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6(1):1–9. doi: 10.1186/s40104-015-0037-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Slamova R, et al. Clay minerals in animal nutrition. Appl Clay Sci. 2011;51(4):395–398. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2011.01.005. DOI

Williams LB, et al. Killer clays! Natural antibacterial clay minerals. Mineral Soc Bull. 2004;139:3–8.

Silva FC, et al. Understanding urea encapsulation in different clay minerals as a possible system for ruminant nutrition. Molecules. 2019;24(19):3525. doi: 10.3390/molecules24193525. PubMed DOI PMC

Kociova S, et al. Zinc phosphate-based nanoparticles as alternatives to zinc oxide in diet of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2020;11(1):1–16. doi: 10.1186/s40104-020-00458-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Hebbar RS, Isloor AM, Ismail AF. Preparation and evaluation of heavy metal rejection properties of polyetherimide/porous activated bentonite clay nanocomposite membrane. RSC Adv. 2014;4(88):47240–47248. doi: 10.1039/C4RA09018G. DOI

Horky P, et al. Protective effect of a new generation of activated and purified bentonite in combination with yeast and phytogenic substances on mycotoxin challenge in pigs. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10):e0259132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259132. PubMed DOI PMC

Horky P, et al. Usability of graphene oxide as a mycotoxin binder: In vitro study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(9):e0239479. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239479. PubMed DOI PMC

Rychen G, et al. Safety and efficacy of a preparation of algae interspaced bentonite as a feed additive for all animal species. Efsa J. 2016;14(11):e05604. PubMed PMC

Aquilina G, et al. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of a preparation of bentoniteand sepiolite (Toxfin (R) Dry) as feed additive for all species. Efsa J. 2013;11(4):3179.

Oliveira MS, et al. Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. Semina-Ciencias Agrarias. 2021;42(6):3337–3354. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3337. DOI

Rasheed U, et al. Modification of bentonite with orange peels extract and its application as mycotoxins ? Binder in buffered solutions and simulated gastrointestinal fluids. J Clean Prod. 2020;267:122105. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122105. DOI

Zhang MB, et al. Studying the genotoxic effects induced by two kinds of bentonite particles on human B lymphoblast cells in vitro. Mutat Res Genetic Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2011;720(1–2):62–66. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.009. PubMed DOI

Zhang MB, et al. Studying the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by two kinds of bentonite particles on human B lymphoblast cells in vitro. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;183(3):390–396. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.11.023. PubMed DOI

Subramaniam MD, Kim IH. Clays as dietary supplements for swine: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6:1–9. doi: 10.1186/s40104-015-0037-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Le Goff G, van Milgen J, Noblet J. Influence of dietary fibre on digestive utilization and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows. Anim Sci. 2002;74:503–515. doi: 10.1017/S1357729800052668. DOI

Noel SJ, Jorgensen HJH, Knudsen KEB. Prediction of protein and amino acid composition and digestibility in individual feedstuffs and mixed diets for pigs using near-infrared spectroscopy. Anim Nutr. 2021;7(4):1242–1252. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Li J, Kim IH. Effects of dietary supplementation of sericite on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microflora shedding in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2013;184(1–4):100–104. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.04.010. DOI

Yan L, et al. Evaluation of the Anion (R) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and faecal noxious gas content in weaning pigs. J Appl Anim Res. 2011;39(1):36–40. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2011.565568. DOI

Trckova M, et al. The effect of kaolin feeding on efficiency, health status and course of diarrhoeal infections caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains in weaned piglets. Vet Med. 2009;54(2):47–63. doi: 10.17221/5/2009-VETMED. DOI

Duan QW, et al. Effects of graded levels of montmorillonite on performance, hematological parameters and bone mineralization in weaned pigs. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2013;26(11):1614–1621. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12698. PubMed DOI PMC

Alexopoulos C, et al. Experimental study on the effect of in-feed administration of a clinoptilolite-rich tuff on certain biochemical and hematological parameters of growing and fattening pigs. Livest Sci. 2007;111(3):230–241. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.152. DOI

Trckova M, et al. The effect of dietary bentonite on post-weaning diarrhoea, growth performance and blood parameters of weaned piglets. Appl Clay Sci. 2014;90:35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2013.11.009. DOI

Holanda DM, Kim SW. Efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifiers on health and growth of newly-weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenge of deoxynivalenol. Toxins. 2020;12(5):311. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050311. PubMed DOI PMC

Bederska-Lojewska D, Pieszka M. Dietary kaolin clay in pre-and post-weaned piglets and its influence on haematological and biochemical parameters, and intestinal microflora status. Ann Anim Sci. 2019;19(4):1021–1034. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0031. DOI

Lee JA, et al. Improvement of bacterial clearance and relief of clinical signs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in pigs through upregulation of Th 1-specific responses by administration of a combination of two silicate minerals, biotite and bentonite. J Vet Med Sci. 2015;77(9):1087–1094. doi: 10.1292/jvms.14-0362. PubMed DOI PMC

Husek P, Sweeley CC. Gas-chromatographic separation of protein amino-acids in 4 minutes. HRC-J High Resolut Chromatogr. 1991;14(11):751–753. doi: 10.1002/jhrc.1240141110. DOI

Pavlik A, et al. Effect of feeding on growth and blood biochemistry of male fallow deer. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2018;8(3):911–913. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2018-19.8.3.911-913. DOI

Urbankova L, et al. Antioxidant status of rats' blood and liver affected by sodium selenite and selenium nanoparticles. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4862. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4862. PubMed DOI PMC

Correction to: Is a new generation of mycotoxin clay adsorbents safe in a pig's diet?