Microbial inoculants containing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are potential tools in increasing the sustainability of our food production systems. Given the demand for sustainable agriculture, the production of such inoculants has potential economic value and has resulted in a variety of commercial inoculants currently being advertised. However, their use is limited by inconsistent product efficacy and lack of consumer confidence. Here, we propose a framework that can be used to assess the quality and reliability of AM inoculants. First, we set out a range of basic quality criteria which are required to achieve reliable inoculants. This is followed by a standardized bioassay which can be used to test inoculum viability and efficacy under controlled conditions. Implementation of these measurements would contribute to the adoption of AM inoculants by producers with the potential to increase sustainability in food production systems.

Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University 100083 Beijing China

Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich Zürich 8008 Switzerland

Global Centre for Land Based Innovation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith SA 2747 Australia

Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060 8589 Japan

INOQ GmbH Schnega 29465 Germany

Iwate University Morioka Iwate 020 8550 Japan

Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences 1799 Jimei Road Xiamen 361021 China

Laboratory of Mycology Earth and Life Institute Université catholique de Louvain Croix du Sud 3 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium

Plant Soil Interaction Group Institute for Sustainability Science Agroscope Zürich 8046 Switzerland

State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences No 3 1st Beichen West Rd Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China

The Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Zamek 1 25243 Pruhonice Czech Republic

The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture Food and Wine The University of Adelaide Waite Campus PMB1 Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia

Université de Lorraine INRAE UMR Interactions Arbres Microorganismes Centre INRAE Grand Est Nancy Champenoux France

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China

University of Missouri Division of Plant Sciences Columbia MO 65211 USA

UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia

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