The facial and submental regions are supplied by complicated neurovascular networks; therefore, facial aesthetic injections may be associated with serious adverse events such as skin necrosis and blindness. Pre-injection localization of neurovascular structures using high-resolution ultrasound can theoretically prevent unexpected complications. Therefore, a systematic protocol that focuses on these facial neurovascular structures is warranted. In this pictorial essay, we discuss the sonoanatomy of facial and submental neurovascular structures and its relevance to aesthetic injections. Moreover, we have highlighted the mechanisms underlying potential neurovascular injuries during aesthetic injections.

Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Wang Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei 11600 Taiwan

Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Hacettepe University Medical School Ankara 06100 Turkey

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 10048 Taiwan

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation National Taiwan University Hospital Bei Hu Branch Taipei 10845 Taiwan

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung 407219 Taiwan

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague 12800 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei 10048 Taiwan

Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute 40136 Bologna Italy

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Lip Sonoanatomy and Relevance to Aesthetic Filler Injections: A Pictorial Review