The increased demands and dependence on depleted oil reserves, accompanied by global warming and climate change have driven the world to explore and develop new strategies for global sustainable development. Among sustainable biomass sources, microalgae represent a promising alternative to fossil fuel and can contribute to the achievement of important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article has reviewed the various applications of microalgal biomass that includes (i) the use in aquaculture and its sustainability; (ii) commercial value and emerging extraction strategies of carotenoids; (iii) biofuels from microalgae and their application in internal combustion engines; (iv) the use and reuse of water in microalgae cultivation; and (v) microalgae biotechnology as a key factor to assist SDGs. The future prospects and challenges on the microalgae circular bio economy, issues with regard to the scale-up and water demand in microalgae cultivation are also highlighted.

Centro de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil

Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil

Department of Biophysics Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Palacký University Czech Republic

Division of Thermal and Automotive Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India

Grupo de Pesquisa em Aplicações de Eletrofiação e Nanotecnologia Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco Juazeiro Brazil

Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió Brazil

School of Mechanical Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India

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