In this review, the disease and immunogenicity affected by COVID-19 vaccination at the metabolic level are described considering the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the analysis of different biological samples. Consistently, we explain how different biomarkers can be examined in the saliva, blood plasma/serum, bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid (BALF), semen, feces, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and breast milk. For example, the proposed approach for the given samples can allow one to detect molecular biomarkers that can be relevant to disease and/or vaccine interference in a system metabolome. The analysis of the given biomaterials by NMR often produces complex chemical data which can be elucidated by multivariate statistical tools, such as PCA and PLS-DA/OPLS-DA methods. Moreover, this approach may aid to improve strategies that can be helpful in disease control and treatment management in the future.

Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants Federal University of San Francisco Valley CEP 56304 205 Petrolina Brazil

Department of Basic Science Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of São Paulo CEP 13635 900 Pirassununga SP Brazil

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 165 00 Praha Suchdol Prague Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Federal University of Amazonas Manaus Amazonas Brazil

Department of Chemistry Federal University of Paraná CEP 81530 900 Curitiba PR Brazil

Department of Food Engineering School of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of São Paulo CEP13635 900 Pirassununga SP Brazil

Department of Health and Biological Sciences Abasyn University Peshawar CEP 25000 Peshawar Pakistan

Department of Physics and Chemistry University of Malakand CEP 18800 Dir Malakand Pakistan

Department of Plant Pathology Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil

Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors IOC Fiocruz CEP 21040 900 RJ Brazil

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