BACKGROUND: The laboratory mouse was domesticated from the wild house mouse. Understanding the genetics underlying domestication in laboratory mice, especially in the widely used classical inbred mice, is vital for studies using mouse models. However, the genetic mechanism of laboratory mouse domestication remains unknown due to lack of adequate genomic sequences of wild mice. RESULTS: We analyze the genetic relationships by whole-genome resequencing of 36 wild mice and 36 inbred strains. All classical inbred mice cluster together distinctly from wild and wild-derived inbred mice. Using nucleotide diversity analysis, Fst, and XP-CLR, we identify 339 positively selected genes that are closely associated with nervous system function. Approximately one third of these positively selected genes are highly expressed in brain tissues, and genetic mouse models of 125 genes in the positively selected genes exhibit abnormal behavioral or nervous system phenotypes. These positively selected genes show a higher ratio of differential expression between wild and classical inbred mice compared with all genes, especially in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. Using a mutant mouse model, we find that the SNP rs27900929 (T>C) in gene Astn2 significantly reduces the tameness of mice and modifies the ratio of the two Astn2 (a/b) isoforms. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that classical inbred mice experienced high selection pressure during domestication under laboratory conditions. The analysis shows the positively selected genes are closely associated with behavior and the nervous system in mice. Tameness may be related to the Astn2 mutation and regulated by the ratio of the two Astn2 (a/b) isoforms.

Beijing Institute of Genomics Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation Beijing China

CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA

Glbizzia Biosciences Beijing China

House Mouse Group Research Facility Studenec Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Laboratory Animal Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China

Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China

Institute of Plant Protection Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin Heilongjiang China

Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha Hunan China

International Society of Zoological Sciences Beijing China

Julius Kühn Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics Münster Germany

National Genomics Data Center Beijing Institute of Genomics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Novogene Bioinformatics Institute Beijing China

Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China

School of Life Science Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China

School of Life Sciences Central China Normal University Wuhan Hubei China

State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

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