Co-inoculation with beneficial microbes has been suggested as a useful practice for the enhancement of plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil nutrients. For the first time in Uzbekistan the role of plant-growth-promoting Bacillus endophyticus IGPEB 33 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth, the physiological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale), and soil enzymatic activities was studied. Moreover, the coinoculation of B. endophyticus IGPEB 33 and AMF treatment significantly increased the plant height by 81%, leaf number by 70%, leaf length by 82%, and leaf width by 40% compared to the control. B. endophyticus IGPEB 33 individually increased plant height significantly by 51%, leaf number by 56%, leaf length by 67%, and leaf width by 27% as compared to the control treatment. Compared to the control, B. endophyticus IGPEB 33 and AMF individually significantly increased chlorophyll a by 81-58%, chlorophyll b by 68-37%, total chlorophyll by 74-53%, and carotenoid content by 67-55%. However, combination of B. endophyticus IGPEB 33 and AMF significantly increased chlorophyll a by 86%, chlorophyll b by 72%, total chlorophyll by 82%, and carotenoid content by 83% compared to the control. Additionally, plant-growth-promoting B. endophyticus IGPEB 33 and AMF inoculation improved soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities compared to the all treatments. Co-inoculation with plant-growth-promoting B. endophyticus and AMF could be an alternative for the production of ginger that is more beneficial to soil nutrient deficiencies. We suggest that a combination of plant-growth-promoting B. endophyticus and AMF inoculation could be a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach in a nutrient-deficient soil.

Department of Biotechnology Smt S S Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College Sankalchand Patel University Visnagar 384315 Gujarat India

Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science Al azhar University 11884 Nasr Cairo Egypt

Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt

Department of Geology and Pedology Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 61300 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Horticulture Agricultural Faculty Ataturk University Erzurum 252240 Turkey

Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60000 Pakistan

Division of Microbiology ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute Pusa New Delhi 110012 India

Faculty of Biology National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent 100174 Uzbekistan

Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Kibray 111208 Uzbekistan

Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Tashkent 100174 Uzbekistan

King Saud University Department of Physiology College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital King Saud University Medical City P O Box 2925 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia

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